tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7649679747805837292024-02-06T23:51:15.077-08:00Blogging in EnglishVu Thi Phuong Anhhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11263378523301439180noreply@blogger.comBlogger86125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-764967974780583729.post-27785253528383532062017-12-31T13:46:00.000-08:002017-12-31T13:46:03.140-08:00English pronunciation (3): 7 Secret Pronunciation Rules Your Teachers Never Taught You <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
http://m.busyteacher.org/21353-7-secret-pronunciation-rules.html<br />
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7 Secret Pronunciation Rules Your Teachers Never Taught You (but You Should Teach Your ESL Students)</h2>
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English spelling is at best confusing and at worst a hot mess.</h2>
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It is no wonder so many ESL students struggle with making the connection between written words in English and how they are pronounced. Sometimes there doesn’t seem to be any rhyme or reason to it. I am a big proponent of teaching the phonetic alphabet to ESL students, primarily because I think it makes a big difference in their ability to achieve accurate pronunciation. But sometimes <a href="http://m.busyteacher.org/14764-how-to-introduce-phonetic-alphabet-schwa-ipa.html" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #2a55ff; font-weight: bold; line-height: 20px !important; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.2s ease-in-out;" target="_blank" title="It's All About Schwa: Introducing the Phonetic Alphabet">the phonetic alphabet</a> is not an option. You might have ESL students who are casually studying the language and do not want to cover any material so academic. You might opt out of teaching the phonetic alphabet because you just have too many other things to do. Or it might be some other reason. After all, how many dictionaries use the phonetic alphabet when listing the pronunciation for an entry? Whatever your reason for not using the phonetic alphabet, there is good news. As unpredictable as English spelling and <a href="http://store.busyteacher.org/esl-books/listening-pronunciation-new-ways-to-teach" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #2a55ff; font-weight: bold; line-height: 20px !important; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.2s ease-in-out;" target="_blank" title="Hear and Say: New Ways of Teaching Listening and Pronunciation">pronunciation</a> may seem at times, there are some rules that your students can follow when they encounter unfamiliar words. Here are seven simple spelling and pronunciation connections you can share with your students to help them achieve accurate pronunciation.</div>
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<span style="border-bottom: 7px solid rgb(64, 158, 255); border-left: 0px !important; color: #232323; font-size: 22px; letter-spacing: -1px; line-height: 35px !important; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; padding-bottom: 0px;">Remember Rules for Pronouncing Vowels</span></h2>
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Before going through these rules with your students, they will need to know the difference between short <a href="http://m.busyteacher.org/8168-top-10-ways-teach-vowel-pronunciation-in-english.html" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #2a55ff; font-weight: bold; line-height: 20px !important; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.2s ease-in-out;" target="_blank" title="Top 10 Ways to Teach Vowel Pronunciation in English">vowel sounds</a> and long vowel sounds. If you are unclear about these definitions, look for an explanation in a standard English only dictionary or read about it <a href="http://www.abcfastphonics.com/long-short-vowels.html" rel="nofollow" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #2a55ff; font-weight: bold; line-height: 20px !important; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.2s ease-in-out;" target="_blank">here</a>.</div>
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A Vowel Followed by a Single Consonant at the End of a Word Is Pronounced as a Short Vowel</h3>
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<span style="font-weight: 600;">Words that conform to this rule are often some of the first that students of English (as well as native speakers) learn to read.</span> Pup has cup. Man has ham. All of these words follow the short vowel + consonant rule. You might see these words represented in this way. CVC.</div>
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A Vowel Followed by Two Consonants at the End of a Word Is Pronounced as a Short Vowel</h3>
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<span style="font-weight: 600;">Words that conform to this rule may be single vowels followed by a consonant blend (see below for an explanation of consonant blends) or those that are followed by two distinct consonants.</span> You may see these types of words represented in this way. CVCC. Some examples include the following: stops, want, hand, wish, and bark.</div>
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If a Vowel Is the Final Letter in a Word, It Is Pronounced as a Long Vowel</h3>
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<span style="font-weight: 600;">A vowel at the end of a word may appear in a single syllable word or a multisyllabic word.</span> Either way, the pronunciation rule remains the same. A final vowel at the end of a word is pronounced as a long vowel. Some examples of single syllable words which follow this rule are go, pi, lo, be, and he. Multiple syllable examples include ago and ego. You might see these words represented like this CV.</div>
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If an E Appears at the End of a Word, It Is Silent. The Preceding Vowel (Separated from the E by One or More Consonants) Will Be Pronounced as a Long Vowel</h3>
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<span style="font-weight: 600;">Silent e is one of the first spelling rules children learn in school, and no wonder since it is so common in English.</span> If you are teaching phonics, you might have students underline or cross out the silent e and mark the preceding vowel as long. You might see words which follow this rule represented in this way: CVCe. You can find examples throughout the English language, but some of them are hate, care, note, flute, bite, nice, and ape.</div>
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If Two Vowels Appear next to Each Other in One Syllable, the Second Vowel Is Silent and the First Vowel Is Pronounced as a Long Vowel</h3>
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<span style="font-weight: 600;">We see vowel combinations all the time in English.</span> A general rule as to their pronunciation is to say the first vowel and ignore the second. These vowel combinations come in all kinds of match ups. You might see words which follow this rule represented this way: CVVC. English examples include true, beat, train, leaf, and load.</div>
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<span style="border-bottom: 7px solid rgb(64, 158, 255); border-left: 0px !important; color: #232323; font-size: 22px; letter-spacing: -1px; line-height: 35px !important; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-top: 0.75em; padding-bottom: 0px;">Consider Rules for Pronouncing Consonants</span></h2>
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<span class="tweet_quote" style="line-height: 27px !important;">One thing to keep in mind when discussing consonant pronunciation are consonant blends.</span> A consonant blend is two or more letters that are pronounced as one sound in English. Some blends are clearly two sounds which become one complex sound (for example bl in black, tr as in atrophy). They often include the letters l, r, or s but not always. Other “blends” are actually only one English sound which is spelled by using two or more consonants. These sounds include sh (wish), ch (chair), tch (watch) and others.</div>
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If One Consonant Follows a Vowel in the Middle of a Word, It Is Pronounced as the First Sound in the Next Syllable</h3>
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<span style="font-weight: 600;">Where a consonant is pronounced in <a href="http://m.busyteacher.org/14846-7-worst-pronunciation-mistakes-esl-students-make.html" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #2a55ff; line-height: 20px !important; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.2s ease-in-out;" target="_blank" title="7 Worst Pronunciation Mistakes ESL Students Make Around the World">a word does make a difference in a student’s pronunciation</a>, particularly if they speak slowly.</span> Think about the difference between pap-er and pa-per. Clearly the second is the correct pronunciation while the first sounds, at best, strange, and at worst like a different word entirely. Other examples include tele-phone (not teleph-one), la-bor (not lab-or), lo-cate (not loc-ate) and pro-tect (not prot-ect).</div>
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When Two Consonants Follow a Vowel in the Middle of a Word, One Consonant Is Pronounced at the End of the First Syllable and the Other Is Pronounced at the Beginning of the Next Vowel</h3>
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<span style="font-weight: 600;">Of course, consonant blends act as one consonant sound, but non-blend neighboring consonants will follow this rule. </span>When a consonant is doubled in the middle of a word, it also follows this rule. Some examples include sub-ject, tal-ly, ab-ject, top-ple, and haz-mat.</div>
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Ultimately, English is a complicated language with complicated rules of spelling and pronunciation. These rules, while generally true, do have exceptions. When you teach them to your students, be sure that they know these rules are not hard and fast and that exceptions can be found to each of them. They may choose to use these rules to pronounce words they have never seen before, or they may use the rules to determine the spelling of an unfamiliar word they have heard pronounced. What matters most, however, is that these rules give your students a place to start when they encounter a word that they do not know how to pronounce.</div>
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What other pronunciation rules do you teach your ESL students?</h2>
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Vu Thi Phuong Anhhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11263378523301439180noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-764967974780583729.post-42703303716937303962017-12-31T13:27:00.000-08:002017-12-31T13:39:37.044-08:00English pronunciation (3): 10 Common Words with Strange Spellings<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
https://pronunciationstudio.com/10-common-words-with-strange-spellings/<br />
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Here at Pronunciation Studio we are the first to admit that English spelling can be very strange sometimes. Unfortunately some very common words are spelt very strangely, so here is our list of 10 of the worst offending examples and a guide to how to pronounce them.</div>
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1. Mortgage /ˈmɔːgɪdʒ/</h3>
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Both the letters ‘r’ and ’t’ are silent in this word. As a suffix, ’age’ is pronounced as /ɪdʒ/.</div>
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2. Colonel /ˈkɜ:nəɫ/</h3>
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The first ‘l’ in this word is silent. Neither ‘o’ should be pronounced with rounded lips.</div>
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3. Queue /kjuː/</h3>
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Don’t try to pronounce all the vowels in the spelling in this word. Pronounce ‘queue’ the same way as the letter ‘q’ or ‘cue’ as in the stick used for playing snooker.</div>
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4. Genuinely /ˈdʒenjuɪnli/</h3>
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This word contains just four syllables. Don’t forget the /j/ sound after the ’n’.</div>
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5. Language /ˈlæŋgwɪdʒ/</h3>
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Here is another example of the spelling rule seen in mortgage! There is also a secret /w/ sound that needs to be pronounced.</div>
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6. Squirrel /ˈskwɪrəɫ/</h3>
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The consonant cluster ‘squi’ is not common but can be quite tricky to pronounce. Try practising saying the two syllables (/skwɪ/ and /rəɫ/ ) separately first and then try putting them together.</div>
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7. Butcher /ˈbʊtʃə/</h3>
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This word should not be pronounced in the same way as ‘but’. Instead, the first syllable should rhyme with ‘put’.</div>
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8. Epitome /ɪˈpɪtəmi/</h3>
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Pronounce the ‘o’ as a schwa in this word, rather than a more rounded vowel.</div>
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9. Yoghurt /ˈjɒgət/</h3>
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There is no pronounced /h/ in ‘yoghurt’. Pronounce the end with a schwa and a /t/ sound.</div>
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10. Choir /ˈkwaɪə/</h3>
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‘ch’ is typically pronounced as /tʃ/ or /ʃ/ at the beginning of a word, although it is also quite likely to be pronounced with a /k/ sound. Other words spelt with ‘ch’ and pronounced with a /k/ sound include: christmas, chaos and chord.</div>
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Vu Thi Phuong Anhhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11263378523301439180noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-764967974780583729.post-31949860370747546692017-12-31T13:18:00.001-08:002017-12-31T13:19:32.737-08:00English pronunciation (2): 14 Phonics Rules for Reading and Spelling<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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14 Phonics Rules for Reading and Spelling</h1>
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Phonics instruction teaches the connection between word sounds and written letters. It’s a key part of learning to read. But phonics instruction also teaches spelling patterns. For success in both <a href="https://www.understood.org/en/learning-attention-issues/signs-symptoms/age-by-age-learning-skills/reading-skills-what-to-expect-at-different-ages" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; box-sizing: border-box; color: #426da9; text-decoration-line: none;">reading</a> and spelling, here are some important phonics rules to know.</div>
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Short and long vowels</h3>
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When a vowel is followed by one consonant, that vowel is usually short. A vowel is usually short when there is only one vowel in a word or syllable as in <strong style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background: rgb(235 , 235 , 235); box-sizing: border-box; color: #f2af00;">o</span></strong>n, r<strong style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background: rgb(235 , 235 , 235); box-sizing: border-box; color: #f2af00;">e</span></strong>d and f<strong style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background: rgb(235 , 235 , 235); box-sizing: border-box; color: #f2af00;">a</span></strong>nt<strong style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background: rgb(235 , 235 , 235); box-sizing: border-box; color: #f2af00;">a</span></strong>st<strong style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background: rgb(235 , 235 , 235); box-sizing: border-box; color: #f2af00;">i</span></strong>c.</div>
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A vowel is long when it says its own name. When a single vowel is at the end of a word or syllable, it usually makes the long vowel sound, as in g<strong style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background: rgb(235 , 235 , 235); box-sizing: border-box; color: #f2af00;">o</span></strong> and p<strong style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background: rgb(235 , 235 , 235); box-sizing: border-box; color: #f2af00;">a</span></strong>per.</div>
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Vowels also have long sounds when they’re paired with a silent <em style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;">e</em> or when they are vowel digraphs (two vowels paired together).</div>
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Vowels in syllables</h3>
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Every syllable of every word must have at least one vowel. A vowel can stand alone in a syllable, as in <strong style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background: rgb(235 , 235 , 235); box-sizing: border-box; color: #f2af00;">u</span></strong>nit and an<strong style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background: rgb(235 , 235 , 235); box-sizing: border-box; color: #f2af00;">i</span></strong>mal. It can also be surrounded by consonants, as in j<strong style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background: rgb(235 , 235 , 235); box-sizing: border-box; color: #f2af00;">e</span></strong>t, sh<strong style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background: rgb(235 , 235 , 235); box-sizing: border-box; color: #f2af00;">u</span></strong>t and f<strong style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background: rgb(235 , 235 , 235); box-sizing: border-box; color: #f2af00;">a</span></strong>nt<strong style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background: rgb(235 , 235 , 235); box-sizing: border-box; color: #f2af00;">a</span></strong>st<strong style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background: rgb(235 , 235 , 235); box-sizing: border-box; color: #f2af00;">i</span></strong>c.</div>
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Silent ‘e’</h3>
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When <em style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;">e</em> is the last letter in a word, and there’s only one other vowel in that word, the first vowel usually says its own name and the <em style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;">e</em> is silent, as in c<strong style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background: rgb(235 , 235 , 235); box-sizing: border-box; color: #f2af00;">a</span></strong>ke.</div>
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Consonant digraphs and blends</h3>
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In a consonant digraph, two consonants work together to form one sound that isn’t like <em style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;">either</em> of the letters it’s made from. Examples include <strong style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background: rgb(235 , 235 , 235); box-sizing: border-box; color: #f2af00;">ch</span></strong>ap, <strong style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background: rgb(235 , 235 , 235); box-sizing: border-box; color: #f2af00;">sh</span></strong>ip, <strong style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background: rgb(235 , 235 , 235); box-sizing: border-box; color: #f2af00;">th</span></strong>ink and <strong style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background: rgb(235 , 235 , 235); box-sizing: border-box; color: #f2af00;">ph</span></strong>oto.</div>
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Consonant blends are groups of two or three consonants whose individual sounds can be heard as they blend together. Examples of that are <strong style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background: rgb(235 , 235 , 235); box-sizing: border-box; color: #f2af00;">cl</span></strong>am, <strong style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background: rgb(235 , 235 , 235); box-sizing: border-box; color: #f2af00;">scr</span></strong>ub and <strong style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background: rgb(235 , 235 , 235); box-sizing: border-box; color: #f2af00;">gr</span></strong>a<strong style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background: rgb(235 , 235 , 235); box-sizing: border-box; color: #f2af00;">sp</span></strong>.</div>
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Vowel digraphs and diphthongs</h3>
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In a vowel digraph, when two vowels are paired together, the first one is long and the other is silent, as in b<strong style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background: rgb(235 , 235 , 235); box-sizing: border-box; color: #f2af00;">oa</span></strong>t, p<strong style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background: rgb(235 , 235 , 235); box-sizing: border-box; color: #f2af00;">ai</span></strong>nt and b<strong style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background: rgb(235 , 235 , 235); box-sizing: border-box; color: #f2af00;">ea</span></strong>ch.</div>
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In a diphthong, a new speech sound is formed when two vowels are paired together, as in cl<strong style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background: rgb(235 , 235 , 235); box-sizing: border-box; color: #f2af00;">ou</span></strong>d or b<strong style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background: rgb(235 , 235 , 235); box-sizing: border-box; color: #f2af00;">oi</span></strong>l.</div>
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<span class="light-blue-span" id="main_1_rptSlides_lblCircle_5" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: #426da9; background-image: initial !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial !important; background-repeat: initial !important; background-size: initial !important; border-radius: 50%; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 80px; margin-top: -10px; padding-top: 27px; text-align: center; width: 80px;">6</span> of 14</div>
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R-controlled vowels</h3>
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When a vowel is followed by an <em style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;">r</em> in the same syllable, that vowel is “r-controlled” and is no longer short. Sometimes we refer to the <em style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;">r</em> as “bossy r” because the <em style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;">r</em> “bosses” the vowel to make a new sound, as in sp<strong style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background: rgb(235 , 235 , 235); box-sizing: border-box; color: #f2af00;">ar</span></strong>k, c<strong style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background: rgb(235 , 235 , 235); box-sizing: border-box; color: #f2af00;">or</span></strong>k, g<strong style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background: rgb(235 , 235 , 235); box-sizing: border-box; color: #f2af00;">er</span></strong>m, b<strong style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background: rgb(235 , 235 , 235); box-sizing: border-box; color: #f2af00;">ir</span></strong>thday and b<strong style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background: rgb(235 , 235 , 235); box-sizing: border-box; color: #f2af00;">ur</span></strong>n.</div>
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The ‘schwa’ sound</h3>
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Any vowel can make the schwa sound; it sounds like <em style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;">uh</em>. Words like b<strong style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background: rgb(235 , 235 , 235); box-sizing: border-box; color: #f2af00;">a</span></strong>nan<strong style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background: rgb(235 , 235 , 235); box-sizing: border-box; color: #f2af00;">a</span></strong>, vit<strong style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background: rgb(235 , 235 , 235); box-sizing: border-box; color: #f2af00;">a</span></strong>min, it<strong style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background: rgb(235 , 235 , 235); box-sizing: border-box; color: #f2af00;">e</span></strong>m, and <strong style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background: rgb(235 , 235 , 235); box-sizing: border-box; color: #f2af00;">a</span></strong>n<strong style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background: rgb(235 , 235 , 235); box-sizing: border-box; color: #f2af00;">o</span></strong>ther have the schwa sound.</div>
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The schwa is only found in words with more than one syllable, but never in the “accented” syllable. The schwa is the most common sound in the English language!</div>
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Soft ‘c’ and hard ‘c’ and soft ‘g’ and hard ‘g’</h3>
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When the letter <em style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;">c</em> is followed by the vowels <em style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;">e</em>, <em style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;">i</em> or <em style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;">y</em>, it usually makes its soft sound. Examples of that are <strong style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background: rgb(235 , 235 , 235); box-sizing: border-box; color: #f2af00;">ce</span></strong>nt, <strong style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background: rgb(235 , 235 , 235); box-sizing: border-box; color: #f2af00;">ci</span></strong>rcus and <strong style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background: rgb(235 , 235 , 235); box-sizing: border-box; color: #f2af00;">cy</span></strong>toplasm. The letter <em style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;">c</em> also makes a hard sound, as in <strong style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background: rgb(235 , 235 , 235); box-sizing: border-box; color: #f2af00;">c</span></strong>at and <strong style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background: rgb(235 , 235 , 235); box-sizing: border-box; color: #f2af00;">c</span></strong>o<strong style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background: rgb(235 , 235 , 235); box-sizing: border-box; color: #f2af00;">c</span></strong>oa.</div>
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When the letter <em style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;">g</em> is followed by the vowels <em style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;">e</em>, <em style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;">i</em> or <em style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;">y</em>, it usually makes its soft sound. Examples of that are <strong style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background: rgb(235 , 235 , 235); box-sizing: border-box; color: #f2af00;">ge</span></strong>l, <strong style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background: rgb(235 , 235 , 235); box-sizing: border-box; color: #f2af00;">gi</span></strong>ant and <strong style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background: rgb(235 , 235 , 235); box-sizing: border-box; color: #f2af00;">gy</span></strong>m. The letter <em style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;">g</em> also makes a hard sound, as in <strong style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background: rgb(235 , 235 , 235); box-sizing: border-box; color: #f2af00;">g</span></strong>as, <strong style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background: rgb(235 , 235 , 235); box-sizing: border-box; color: #f2af00;">g</span></strong>orilla and yo<strong style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background: rgb(235 , 235 , 235); box-sizing: border-box; color: #f2af00;">g</span></strong>urt.</div>
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The ‘fszl’ (fizzle) rule</h3>
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When <em style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;">f</em>, <em style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;">s</em>, <em style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;">z</em> and <em style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;">l</em> follow a vowel at the end of a one-syllable word, they’re usually doubled, as in st<strong style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background: rgb(235 , 235 , 235); box-sizing: border-box; color: #f2af00;">uff</span></strong>, gr<strong style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background: rgb(235 , 235 , 235); box-sizing: border-box; color: #f2af00;">ass</span></strong>, f<strong style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background: rgb(235 , 235 , 235); box-sizing: border-box; color: #f2af00;">uzz</span></strong> and sh<strong style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background: rgb(235 , 235 , 235); box-sizing: border-box; color: #f2af00;">ell</span></strong>.</div>
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Using ‘k’ or ‘ck’</h3>
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We use <em style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;">ck</em> at the end of one-syllable word when it follows a short vowel, as in d<strong style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background: rgb(235 , 235 , 235); box-sizing: border-box; color: #f2af00;">uck</span></strong> and tr<strong style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background: rgb(235 , 235 , 235); box-sizing: border-box; color: #f2af00;">ick</span></strong>. We use <em style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;">k</em> when there’s another consonant immediately following the vowel, as in ta<strong style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background: rgb(235 , 235 , 235); box-sizing: border-box; color: #f2af00;">sk</span></strong> and dri<strong style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background: rgb(235 , 235 , 235); box-sizing: border-box; color: #f2af00;">nk</span></strong>.</div>
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The /j/ sound and the /ch/ sound</h3>
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When the /j/ sound follows a short vowel in a one-syllable word, it’s usually spelled <em style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;">dge</em> as in b<strong style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background: rgb(235 , 235 , 235); box-sizing: border-box; color: #f2af00;">adge</span></strong>, h<strong style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background: rgb(235 , 235 , 235); box-sizing: border-box; color: #f2af00;">edge</span></strong>, br<strong style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background: rgb(235 , 235 , 235); box-sizing: border-box; color: #f2af00;">idge</span></strong>, d<strong style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background: rgb(235 , 235 , 235); box-sizing: border-box; color: #f2af00;">odge</span></strong> and sm<strong style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background: rgb(235 , 235 , 235); box-sizing: border-box; color: #f2af00;">udge</span></strong>. (The <em style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;">d </em>protects the vowel from “magic e.”)</div>
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When the /ch/ sound follows a short vowel in a one-syllable word, it’s usually spelled <em style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;">tch </em>as in c<strong style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background: rgb(235 , 235 , 235); box-sizing: border-box; color: #f2af00;">atch</span></strong>, f<strong style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background: rgb(235 , 235 , 235); box-sizing: border-box; color: #f2af00;">etch</span></strong>, st<strong style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background: rgb(235 , 235 , 235); box-sizing: border-box; color: #f2af00;">itch</span></strong>, bl<strong style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background: rgb(235 , 235 , 235); box-sizing: border-box; color: #f2af00;">otch</span></strong> and cl<strong style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background: rgb(235 , 235 , 235); box-sizing: border-box; color: #f2af00;">utch</span></strong>. Common exceptions are the words <em style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;">such</em>, <em style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;">much</em>, <em style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;">rich</em> and <em style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;">which</em>.</div>
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<span class="purple-span" id="main_1_rptSlides_lblCircle_11" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: #5a3b7c; background-image: initial !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial !important; background-repeat: initial !important; background-size: initial !important; border-radius: 50%; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 80px; margin-top: -10px; padding-top: 27px; text-align: center; width: 80px;">12</span> of 14</div>
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Doubling</h3>
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When adding <em style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;">ed</em> or <em style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;">ing</em> to a word, we double the consonant if the vowel before that consonant is short. Examples of that are gr<strong style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background: rgb(235 , 235 , 235); box-sizing: border-box; color: #f2af00;">ipp</span></strong>ed and w<strong style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background: rgb(235 , 235 , 235); box-sizing: border-box; color: #f2af00;">inn</span></strong>ing. We don’t double the consonant when the vowel is long.</div>
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Plural nouns</h3>
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When a plural noun ends with <em style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;">s</em>, <em style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;">ss</em>, <em style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;">sh</em>, <em style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;">ch</em>, <em style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;">x</em> or <em style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;">z</em>, we add <em style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;">es</em> to make it plural, as in class<strong style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background: rgb(235 , 235 , 235); box-sizing: border-box; color: #f2af00;">es</span></strong>, brush<strong style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background: rgb(235 , 235 , 235); box-sizing: border-box; color: #f2af00;">es</span></strong> and fox<strong style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background: rgb(235 , 235 , 235); box-sizing: border-box; color: #f2af00;">es</span></strong>. Otherwise, we just add <em style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;">s</em>, as in cat<strong style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background: rgb(235 , 235 , 235); box-sizing: border-box; color: #f2af00;">s</span></strong>.</div>
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When a plural noun ends with <em style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;">y</em> and it follows a consonant, as in po<strong style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background: rgb(235 , 235 , 235); box-sizing: border-box; color: #f2af00;">ny</span></strong>, fami<strong style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background: rgb(235 , 235 , 235); box-sizing: border-box; color: #f2af00;">ly</span></strong> and ba<strong style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background: rgb(235 , 235 , 235); box-sizing: border-box; color: #f2af00;">by</span></strong>, we usually change the <em style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;">y</em> to <em style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;">i</em> before adding <em style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;">es</em> to make it plural: pon<strong style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background: rgb(235 , 235 , 235); box-sizing: border-box; color: #f2af00;">ies</span></strong>, famil<strong style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background: rgb(235 , 235 , 235); box-sizing: border-box; color: #f2af00;">ies</span></strong> and bab<strong style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background: rgb(235 , 235 , 235); box-sizing: border-box; color: #f2af00;">ies</span></strong>.</div>
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Broken rules</h3>
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In the English language, phonics rules are often broken. Your child will frequently come across exceptions to the rule. But your child’s teacher or <a href="https://www.understood.org/en/learning-attention-issues/child-learning-disabilities/reading-issues/top-10-things-to-know-about-reading" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333;">reading</a> specialist will teach those, too!</div>
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Vu Thi Phuong Anhhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11263378523301439180noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-764967974780583729.post-38312700076602107522017-12-31T12:15:00.002-08:002017-12-31T13:14:42.689-08:00English pronunciation (1): Hou tu pranownse Inglish<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<i><b>Foreword</b>:</i> <i>"English pronunciation" is a new series of blog entries which includes articles and other resources that I have collected from the Internet about the topic of English pronunciation for those who need to learn more about it. My target audience is Vietnamese teachers and learners of English, but the blog entries in this series will hopefully be useful for anyone learning English.</i><br />
<i><br /></i>
<i>As any English language learner will agree, English pronunciation is so difficult for non-native speakers because English spelling is such a mess. And, for the Vietnamese learner, English pronunciation is even more difficult because the two languages are so different from each other. Therefore, most of the entries in this series will focus on those two areas: linking English pronunciation and its spelling rules; and comparing English vs Vietnamese pronunciation systems. </i><br />
<i><br /></i>
<i>Below is the first entry, written by a foreigner about the English language and why it is so difficult for English language learners compared to, for example, German. You may or may not agree with this claim (that English is more difficult than German), but you will find the article useful with many examples of the irregularities of English spellings.</i><br />
<br />
Enjoy!<br />
-----------<br />
http://www.zompist.com/spell.html<br />
<br />
<h1 style="break-after: avoid; color: navy; font-size: 16pt; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">Hou tu pranownse Inglish</span></h1>
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">© 2000 by Mark Rosenfelder</span><br />
<hr />
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">Everybody agrees that <b>English spelling is horrible</b>.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">There have been almost as many proposals for <b>spelling reform</b> as there are rewrites of Esperanto. (Tellingly, there has been precisely one success in each category-- Noah Webster and Ido-- and neither caught on universally.) Most of these proposals spend their energy<b> fixing what isn't broken</b>. For instance, they search hard for clever new ways of spelling the <b>ch</b> sound-- even though <cite style="color: teal;">ch</cite> does the job just fine in hundreds of languages. Or, they insist on 'correcting' the Great Vowel Shift, using Italian values for the vowels.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">Whenever the subject comes up, someone is sure to bring up all the words in <cite style="color: teal;">-ough</cite>, or George Bernard Shaw's <cite style="color: teal;">ghoti</cite>-- a word which illustrates only Shaw's wiseacre ignorance. English spelling may be a nightmare, but it does have rules, and by those rules, <cite style="color: teal;">ghoti</cite> can only be pronounced like <cite style="color: teal;">goatee</cite>.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">The purpose of this page is to describe those rules-- to <b>explain the system behind English spelling</b>, the rules that tell you how to pronounce a written word correctly over <b>85% of the time</b>.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">Many people expect the opposite as well-- to predict the spelling from the pronunciations-- not realizing that few orthographies meet this goal. It's far from true of Spanish, for instance, which is often held up as an example of a good orthography. I stopped fervently admiring Spanish orthography when I saw a sign in a Mexican bakery with about one spelling mistake every third word.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">Several different types of people might be interested in this page:</span><br />
<ul style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<li><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">foreign learners of English</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">native speakers who never quite mastered English spelling</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">spelling reformers who care to understand the system they want to replace</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">linguists interested in how an inadequate alphabet is manhandled to fit an unruly language.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">I've also included a sample lexicon and a set of spelling rules which you can use with my <a href="http://www.zompist.com/sounds.htm">Sound Change Applier</a> to automatically derive the pronunciation.</span><br />
<hr />
<blockquote>
<i style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">Thanks to Éamonn McManus, Aaron J. Dinkin, Dennis Paul Himes, Geoff Eddy, Hirofumi Nagamura, and John Cowan for useful comments and ideas, which I've tried to incorporate here.</i></blockquote>
<hr />
<h2 style="break-after: avoid; color: navy; font-size: 12pt; margin: 12pt 0in 10pt;">
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">The sounds of General American</span></h2>
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">If we're discussing spelling, we have to discuss sounds as well; and this means choosing a reference dialect. I'll use my own, of course-- a version of General American that's unexcitingly close to the standard. I'll call it GA below.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">Here's the vowels and consonants of my dialect. For each I give the IPA, the representation in the eccentric phonemic transcription I use in this document, and a couple of sample words.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">The IPA is given in Unicode; if it doesn't look right you have a nasty old non-Unicode-compliant browser.</span><br />
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<blockquote>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
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<center style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">
<b>
Vowels</b></center>
<b>
</b></td><td colspan="3"><b></b><br />
<center style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">
<b>
Consonants</b></center>
<b>
</b></td></tr>
<tr><td><b style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">IPA</b></td><td><b style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">Phoneme</b></td><td><b style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">Samples</b></td><td><b style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">IPA</b></td><td><b style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">Phoneme</b></td><td><b style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">Samples</b></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <span style="font-family: "lucida sans unicode";">e</span></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">ä</tt></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <cite style="color: teal;">r<u>a</u>te</cite></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <span style="font-family: "lucida sans unicode";">p</span></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">p</tt></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <cite style="color: teal;"><u>p</u>a<u>p</u>er</cite></span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <span style="font-family: "lucida sans unicode";">æ</span></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">â</tt></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <cite style="color: teal;">r<u>a</u>t</cite></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <span style="font-family: "lucida sans unicode";">b</span></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">b</tt></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <cite style="color: teal;"><u>b</u>ook</cite></span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <span style="font-family: "lucida sans unicode";">i</span></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">ë</tt></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <cite style="color: teal;">m<u>ee</u>t, mach<u>i</u>ne</cite></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <span style="font-family: "lucida sans unicode";">t</span></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">t</tt></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <cite style="color: teal;"><u>t</u>ake</cite></span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <span style="font-family: "lucida sans unicode";">ɛ</span></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">ê</tt></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <cite style="color: teal;">m<u>e</u>t, dr<u>ea</u>d</cite></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <span style="font-family: "lucida sans unicode";">d</span></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">d</tt></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <cite style="color: teal;"><u>d</u>ead</cite></span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <span style="font-family: "lucida sans unicode";">aj</span></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">ï</tt></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <cite style="color: teal;">b<u>i</u>te, c<u>y</u>cle</cite></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <span style="font-family: "lucida sans unicode";">g</span></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">g</tt></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <cite style="color: teal;"><u>g</u>et</cite></span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <span style="font-family: "lucida sans unicode";">ɪ</span></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">î</tt></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <cite style="color: teal;">b<u>i</u>t, <u>l</u>ick</cite></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <span style="font-family: "lucida sans unicode";">k</span></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">k</tt></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <cite style="color: teal;"><u>c</u>ape, tal<u>k</u>, <u>q</u>uite</cite></span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <span style="font-family: "lucida sans unicode";">o</span></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">ö</tt></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <cite style="color: teal;">n<u>o</u>te, s<u>ow</u></cite></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <span style="font-family: "lucida sans unicode";">m</span></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">m</tt></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <cite style="color: teal;"><u>m</u>oon</cite></span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <span style="font-family: "lucida sans unicode";">a</span></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">ô</tt></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <cite style="color: teal;">n<u>o</u>t, cl<u>o</u>ck</cite></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <span style="font-family: "lucida sans unicode";">n</span></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">n</tt></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <cite style="color: teal;"><u>n</u>ew</cite></span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <span style="font-family: "lucida sans unicode";">ju</span></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">ü</tt></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <cite style="color: teal;">c<u>u</u>te, <u>you</u></cite></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <span style="font-family: "lucida sans unicode";">ŋ</span></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">ñ</tt></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <cite style="color: teal;">si<u>ng</u>, thi<u>n</u>k</cite></span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <span style="font-family: "lucida sans unicode";">ʌ</span></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">û</tt></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <cite style="color: teal;">cut, c<u>o</u>me</cite></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <span style="font-family: "lucida sans unicode";">f</span></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">f</tt></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <cite style="color: teal;"><u>f</u>our, <u>ph</u>ysics</cite></span></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="3"></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <span style="font-family: "lucida sans unicode";">v</span></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">v</tt></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <cite style="color: teal;"><u>v</u>ine</cite></span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <span style="font-family: "lucida sans unicode";">u</span></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">u</tt></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <cite style="color: teal;">c<u>oo</u>t</cite></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <span style="font-family: "lucida sans unicode";">θ</span></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">+</tt></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <cite style="color: teal;"><u>th</u>in</cite></span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <span style="font-family: "lucida sans unicode";">ɔ</span></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">ò</tt></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <cite style="color: teal;">c<u>au</u>ght, d<u>o</u>g</cite></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <span style="font-family: "lucida sans unicode";">ð</span></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";"><u>+</u></tt></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <cite style="color: teal;"><u>th</u>is</cite></span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <span style="font-family: "lucida sans unicode";">ʊ</span></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">ù</tt></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <cite style="color: teal;">c<u>oo</u>k, p<u>u</u>t</cite></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <span style="font-family: "lucida sans unicode";">s</span></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">s</tt></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <cite style="color: teal;"><u>s</u>o</cite></span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <span style="font-family: "lucida sans unicode";">ə</span></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">@</tt></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <cite style="color: teal;"><u>a</u>bove, cyn<u>i</u>c, <u>u</u>ntil</cite></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <span style="font-family: "lucida sans unicode";">z</span></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">z</tt></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <cite style="color: teal;"><u>z</u>oo</cite></span></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="3"></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <span style="font-family: "lucida sans unicode";">ʃ</span></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">$</tt></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <cite style="color: teal;"><u>sh</u>ack</cite></span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <span style="font-family: "lucida sans unicode";">aw</span></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">ôw</tt></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <cite style="color: teal;">cr<u>ow</u>d, l<u>ou</u>d</cite></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <span style="font-family: "lucida sans unicode";">ʒ</span></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";"><u>$</u></tt></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <cite style="color: teal;">mea<u>s</u>ure</cite></span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <span style="font-family: "lucida sans unicode";">oj</span></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">öy</tt></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <cite style="color: teal;">b<u>oy</u>, dr<u>oi</u>d</cite></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <span style="font-family: "lucida sans unicode";">tʃ</span></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">ç</tt></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <cite style="color: teal;"><u>ch</u>ew</cite></span></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="3"></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <span style="font-family: "lucida sans unicode";">dʒ</span></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">j</tt></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <cite style="color: teal;"><u>j</u>u<u>dg</u>e</cite></span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <span style="font-family: "lucida sans unicode";">j</span></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">y</tt></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <cite style="color: teal;"><u>y</u>ou, mill<u>i</u>on</cite></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <span style="font-family: "lucida sans unicode";">r</span></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">r</tt></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <cite style="color: teal;"><u>r</u>an</cite></span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <span style="font-family: "lucida sans unicode";">w</span></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">w</tt></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <cite style="color: teal;"><u>w</u>ait, co<u>w</u></cite></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <span style="font-family: "lucida sans unicode";">l</span></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">l</tt></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <cite style="color: teal;"><u>l</u>ate</cite></span></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="3"></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <span style="font-family: "lucida sans unicode";">h</span></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">h</tt></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <cite style="color: teal;"><u>h</u>ang</cite></span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <span style="font-family: "lucida sans unicode";">ɚ</span></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">@r</tt></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <cite style="color: teal;">s<u>ear</u>ch, man<u>or</u>, b<u>ir</u>d</cite></span></td><td colspan="3" rowspan="3"></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <span style="font-family: "lucida sans unicode";">n̩</span></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">@n</tt></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <cite style="color: teal;">butt<u>on</u>, happ<u>en</u></cite></span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <span style="font-family: "lucida sans unicode";">l̩</span></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">@l</tt></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <cite style="color: teal;">batt<u>le</u>, fin<u>al</u></cite></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</blockquote>
<h3 style="break-after: avoid; color: navy; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; margin: 12pt 0in 10pt;">
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">Who cares about dialects?</span></h3>
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">Ideally you shouldn't have to worry about my dialect at all: you could simply take (say) <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">ê</tt> to represent whatever <i>you</i> pronounce as the vowel in <cite style="color: teal;">met</cite>. Unfortunately, English dialects are not uniform enough to share a single phonology. There are many words that are not only <i>pronounced</i> differently in different dialects-- that is, they have a distinct <i>phonetic</i> realization-- but also have their own <i>phonemic</i>representation.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">Some examples:</span><br />
<ul style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<li><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">GA is rhotic-- we pronounce the post-vocalic r's-- while other important dialects are not, notably the British standard, RP.</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">I distinguish <cite style="color: teal;">cot</cite> and <cite style="color: teal;">caught</cite>, <cite style="color: teal;">Don</cite> and <cite style="color: teal;">Dawn</cite>; these vowels (<tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">ô, ò</tt>) merge in the US West.</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">On the other hand, I merge the vowel sounds in <cite style="color: teal;">Mary, merry,</cite> and <cite style="color: teal;">marry</cite>, which are distinguished in Eastern US dialects and in RP.</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">I pronounce <cite style="color: teal;">w</cite> and <cite style="color: teal;">wh</cite> the same.</span></li>
</ul>
<h3 style="break-after: avoid; color: navy; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; margin: 12pt 0in 10pt;">
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">Notational conventions</span></h3>
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"><b>Spellings</b> are in <cite style="color: teal;">teal italics</cite>; <b>pronunciations</b> are in <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">blue Courier</tt>. This convention avoids cluttering the text with brackets and quotation marks.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">Thus <cite style="color: teal;">g</cite> refers to the letter <g>, while <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">g</tt> refers to the sound /g/, and I will write that <cite style="color: teal;">laugh</cite> is pronounced <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">lâf</tt>.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">Linguists can take the 'pronunciations' as <b>phonemic</b>; e.g. I haven't attempted to indicate aspiration, the flapping of medial <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">t</tt> and <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">d</tt>, the appearance of clear and dark <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">l</tt>, etc. I indicate some but not all vowel reductions (basically, those that are reduced in all forms of the morpheme).</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"><cite style="color: teal;">#</cite> represents the beginning or end of a word. For instance, <cite style="color: teal;">#rh</cite> represents an <cite style="color: teal;">rh</cite> that begins a word; <cite style="color: teal;">g#</cite> refers to a final <cite style="color: teal;">g</cite>.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">Capital letters represent variables; e.g. <cite style="color: teal;">V</cite> represents any vowel.</span><br />
<h2 style="break-after: avoid; color: navy; font-size: 12pt; margin: 12pt 0in 10pt;">
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">The computer simulation</span></h2>
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">Along with this explanatory page, I've put up</span><br />
<ul style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<li><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">a <a href="http://www.zompist.com/english.lex">sample lexicon</a> of over 5000 English words</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">a <a href="http://www.zompist.com/english.sc">sound change file</a> giving the spelling rules</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"><a href="http://www.zompist.com/english.out">sample output</a> from the <a href="http://www.zompist.com/sounds.html">Sound Change Applier</a></span></li>
</ul>
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">The lexicon includes the target pronunciation in GA; I modified the program to compare the results of the rule application with the target. <b>The results</b>:</span><br />
<ul style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<li><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">3079 (or <b>59%</b>) of the pronunciations are generated <b>perfectly</b>.</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">4389 (or <b>85%</b>) are generated perfectly or with only <b>minor errors</b>: vowel length errors, failure to reduce vowels to <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">@</tt>, or failure to voice an <i>s</i>.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">This is impressive; but it <b>understates the systematicity</b> of English spelling:</span><br />
<ul style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<li><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">Many of the errors are off in only one segment. (E.g. the rules predict everything about <cite style="color: teal;">bachelor </cite>except the loss of the middle vowel. Shouldn't they get some credit for getting six segments correct?)</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">Many of the pronunciations are really predictable using rules beyond the scope of the Sound Change Applier. I haven't by any means found every possible rule, or stated them in the best, most general form.</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">The worst offenders in the language are already included in the sample; a larger vocabulary would include a higher percentage of well-behaved spellings.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">There is <a href="http://www.zompist.com/spell.html#irregular">a fuller discussion of the mispredictions</a> at the end of the document.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">The <b>odd phonetic transcription</b>, by the way, derives from the dual need to easily represent sounds both in html and in the sound change file. I'm restricted to characters that html supports; and I can't use capital letters, because I need them for variable definitions in the rules. As a mnemonic, think of the umlauts as colons, so that <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">ö</tt> is short for <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">o:</tt>, 'long o'.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">The wacky spellings I used for the <b>vowels</b>, however, are inherent in the logic of English spelling. It would only obscure how the system works if I represented the long and short vowels with IPA forms.</span><br />
<h2 style="break-after: avoid; color: navy; font-size: 12pt; margin: 12pt 0in 10pt;">
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">The rules</span></h2>
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">The bulk of this page is basically a <b>human-readable restatement of the rules</b> in the sound change file</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">The <b>order</b> of the rules is important. The rules can be thought of as a <b>recipe</b>: to pronounce a word, you go down the list of rules, seeing if each one in turn applies, and applying it if it does.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">The result is sometimes a little backwards in terms of explaining the system, because <b>exceptions come first</b>, before the general rules. That's the best way to teach the computer; but humans tend to do best by learning the most general rule first.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">I'll warn you: some of these rules are going to seem <b>mondo obscure</b>. That's because I've tried to find every regularity I could, even if it only explains half a dozen words. The yield of some rules may be small enough that some people would rather just learn the affected words as irregularities. But if anything I'm <i>more</i> interested in the minor regularities; they're puzzles, often unfamiliar ones, and many are the fossils of minor sound changes.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">To head off another likely reaction: yes, <b>you can find exceptions</b> to the rules. I'm perfectly aware that <cite style="color: teal;">ough</cite> is not <i>always</i> pronounced <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">ö</tt>. The point is, what follows are the <i>default</i> rules that work 85% of the time. Think of <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">ö</tt> as the default pronunciation of <cite style="color: teal;">ough</cite>; any other pronunciation of <cite style="color: teal;">ough</cite> is an irregularity.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">And finally: I'm aware that some linguists (e.g. Edward Carney) have also worked on these problems; unfortunately, I've only seen their work in summaries. I've tried to be careful and linguistically informed, but I don't claim to have committed a work of scholarship.</span><br />
<h3 style="break-after: avoid; color: navy; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; margin: 12pt 0in 10pt;">
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">Some rewrites</span></h3>
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">English has more phonemes than the alphabet has available symbols; the usual expedient of the orthography for solving this problem is to use digraphs. (Both the problem and the solution are inherited from Latin, which had hardly finished tossing out the Greek letters it didn't think it needed when it started to borrow Greek words that needed them.)</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"><span class="RuleNo" style="color: red; font-family: "times"; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: bold;">1</span>. Make the following unconditional replacements:</span><br />
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <cite style="color: teal;">ch</cite> </span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">ç</tt> </span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <cite style="color: teal;">sh</cite></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">$</tt></span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <cite style="color: teal;">ph</cite></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">f</tt></span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <cite style="color: teal;">th</cite></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">+</tt></span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <cite style="color: teal;">qu</cite></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">kw</tt></span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <cite style="color: teal;">wr</cite></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">r</tt></span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <cite style="color: teal;">wh</cite></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">w</tt></span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <cite style="color: teal;">xh</cite></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">x</tt></span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <cite style="color: teal;">rh</cite></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">r</tt></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">Before an <cite style="color: teal;">o</cite>, replace <cite style="color: teal;">wh</cite> with <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">h</tt> instead: <cite style="color: teal;">who, whore, whole</cite>.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">If you're one of those fossils who still use a voiceless w or another strange contortion to distinguish <cite style="color: teal;">wh </cite>and <cite style="color: teal;">w</cite>, you'd modify this rule.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">We can do significantly better than the program if we don't do these substitutions when the digraph spans a morpheme boundary. In other words, we shouldn't do the replacement in compound words like <cite style="color: teal;">bosshood, flathead, uphill</cite>, or <cite style="color: teal;">perhaps</cite>.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">We can also do better if we replace <cite style="color: teal;">ch</cite> with <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">k</tt> in words of Greek and Hebrew origin-- that is, in two-dollar words like <cite style="color: teal;">archaism</cite> or <cite style="color: teal;">trochaic </cite>or <cite style="color: teal;">Malachi</cite>.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">The program actually replaces only initial <cite style="color: teal;">rh</cite>, since medial <cite style="color: teal;">rh </cite>is so likely to be found in a compound (and it doesn't occur finally in the sample lexicon).</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">(<cite style="color: teal;">xh</cite> isn't really a digraph; the rule just reflects the fact that an initial <cite style="color: teal;">h</cite> isn't pronounced after a prefix ending in <cite style="color: teal;">x</cite>, as in <cite style="color: teal;">exhibit</cite>.)</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"><span class="RuleNo" style="color: red; font-family: "times"; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: bold;">2</span>. Replace <cite style="color: teal;">x</cite> with <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">ks</tt>; but after <cite style="color: teal;">e</cite> and before another vowel, use <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">gz</tt> instead. (This is not an allophonic rule: compare the near-minimal pair <cite style="color: teal;">exist </cite>and <cite style="color: teal;">excite</cite>.)</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"><span class="RuleNo" style="color: red; font-family: "times"; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: bold;">3</span>. Ignore apostrophes (<cite style="color: teal;">can't, cop's, o'clock</cite>). Hyphens can however be treated as word separators (<cite style="color: teal;">mother-in-law</cite> is pronounced like <cite style="color: teal;">mother in law</cite>).</span><br />
<h3 style="break-after: avoid; color: navy; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; margin: 12pt 0in 10pt;">
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">The notorious gh</span></h3>
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"><span class="RuleNo" style="color: red; font-family: "times"; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: bold;">4</span>. Before a vowel, <cite style="color: teal;">gh </cite>becomes <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">g</tt>: <cite style="color: teal;">ghost</cite> = <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">göst</tt>.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"><span class="RuleNo" style="color: red; font-family: "times"; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: bold;">5</span>. <cite style="color: teal;">gh </cite>turns a preceding single vowel long: <cite style="color: teal;">right</cite> = <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">rït</tt>.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"><span class="RuleNo" style="color: red; font-family: "times"; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: bold;">6</span>. <cite style="color: teal;">aught</cite> and <cite style="color: teal;">ought</cite> become <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">òt</tt>: <cite style="color: teal;">daughter</cite> = <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">dòt@r</tt>, <cite style="color: teal;">sought</cite> = <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">sòt</tt>.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"><span class="RuleNo" style="color: red; font-family: "times"; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: bold;">7</span>. Any other <cite style="color: teal;">ough </cite>becomes <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">ö</tt>: <cite style="color: teal;">dough</cite> = <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">dö</tt>.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"><span class="RuleNo" style="color: red; font-family: "times"; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: bold;">8</span>. Elsewhere, <cite style="color: teal;">gh </cite>is simply dropped: <cite style="color: teal;">freight</cite> = <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">frät</tt>.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">People usually trot out <cite style="color: teal;">gh</cite> when they bitch about English spelling. The culprit is sound change: <cite style="color: teal;">gh</cite> used to do nicely for the <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">x</tt> sound (now usually represented <cite style="color: teal;">kh</cite> when we transcribe foreign words), but the sound disappeared in everything but Scots. It usually went quietly, but sometimes, word-finally (<cite style="color: teal;">laugh, cough, enough, rough, tough,</cite> and not much more) it was transformed to <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">f</tt>instead.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"><cite style="color: teal;">ough</cite> is also notorious, but the usual sound (as seen in rule 7) is <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">ö</tt>. <cite style="color: teal;">Through </cite>is a notable exception.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">Initial <cite style="color: teal;">gh</cite> is sometimes used to keep the <cite style="color: teal;">g </cite>from softening (<cite style="color: teal;">ghetto</cite>); but generally it's a meaningless variant on <cite style="color: teal;">g</cite>, said to be introduced by Dutch typesetters in the early days of printing. In any case it's no problem, since it's always <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">g</tt>. This is one reason Shaw's <cite style="color: teal;">ghoti</cite> is such a fraud: initial <cite style="color: teal;">gh</cite> can <i>never</i> be pronounced <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">f</tt>.</span><br />
<h3 style="break-after: avoid; color: navy; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; margin: 12pt 0in 10pt;">
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">Unpronounceable initials</span></h3>
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"><span class="RuleNo" style="color: red; font-family: "times"; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: bold;">9</span>. In initial <cite style="color: teal;">gn, kn, mn, pt, ps, tm</cite>, pronounce the second letter only: <cite style="color: teal;">gnostic</cite> = <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">nôstîk</tt>, <cite style="color: teal;">psycho </cite>= <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">sïkö</tt>, <cite style="color: teal;">knight</cite> = <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">nït</tt>.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">Most of these are Greek borrowings-- Greek is much freer with initial clusters than English is-- but <cite style="color: teal;">kn </cite>derives from Old English.</span><br />
<h3 style="break-after: avoid; color: navy; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; margin: 12pt 0in 10pt;">
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">Replacing y</span></h3>
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"><span class="RuleNo" style="color: red; font-family: "times"; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: bold;">10</span>. Replace <cite style="color: teal;">y</cite> with <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">ï</tt> if it ends a one-syllable word: <cite style="color: teal;">ply</cite> = <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">plï</tt>.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"><span class="RuleNo" style="color: red; font-family: "times"; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: bold;">11</span>. <cite style="color: teal;">ey</cite> is pronounced <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">ë</tt>; <cite style="color: teal;">ay</cite> is <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">ä</tt>; and <cite style="color: teal;">oy</cite> is <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">öy</tt>: <cite style="color: teal;">say, monkey boy</cite> = <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">sä mûnkë böy</tt>.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"><span class="RuleNo" style="color: red; font-family: "times"; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: bold;">12</span>. Replace <cite style="color: teal;">y</cite> with <cite style="color: teal;">i </cite>if it's not adjacent to a vowel-- we'll worry later about how to pronounce the <cite style="color: teal;">i</cite>.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">Thus, <cite style="color: teal;">system</cite> = <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">sîst@m</tt> but <cite style="color: teal;">you</cite>, where the <cite style="color: teal;">y</cite> adjoins a vowel, is <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">yu</tt>.</span><br />
<h3 style="break-after: avoid; color: navy; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; margin: 12pt 0in 10pt;">
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">Simplification of stl</span></h3>
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"><span class="RuleNo" style="color: red; font-family: "times"; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: bold;">13</span>. The <cite style="color: teal;">t </cite>in <cite style="color: teal;">stl</cite> is lost before a final vowel: <cite style="color: teal;">bustle</cite> = <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">bûs@l"</tt>, <cite style="color: teal;">bristly</cite> = <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">brîslë</tt>.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">This could perhaps be generalized; but in slow speech I leave the <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">t</tt> in (say) <cite style="color: teal;">coastline</cite> or <cite style="color: teal;">Christlike</cite>. I'm also tempted to generalize to all stops, but the only instance in the sample lexicon is <cite style="color: teal;">muscle</cite>, and it's pretty silly to have a rule that applies to a single word.</span><br />
<h3 style="break-after: avoid; color: navy; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; margin: 12pt 0in 10pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="16" style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">(Af)frication before i</a></h3>
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"><span class="RuleNo" style="color: red; font-family: "times"; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: bold;">14</span>. <cite style="color: teal;">ci</cite> or <cite style="color: teal;">ti</cite> becomes <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">$</tt> before a vowel: <cite style="color: teal;">gracious</cite> = <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">grä$@s</tt>, <cite style="color: teal;">nation</cite> = <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">ä$@n</tt>.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"><span class="RuleNo" style="color: red; font-family: "times"; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: bold;">15</span>. <cite style="color: teal;">tu</cite> becomes <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">çu</tt> before a vowel, or before a liquid (<cite style="color: teal;">r, l</cite>) followed by a vowel: <cite style="color: teal;">mutual</cite> = <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">müçu@l</tt>, <cite style="color: teal;">mature</cite> = <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">m@çur</tt>.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"><span class="RuleNo" style="color: red; font-family: "times"; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: bold;">16</span>. <cite style="color: teal;">s</cite> becomes <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">$</tt> (or <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">$</tt> if it's preceded by a vowel):</span><br />
<ul style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<li><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">before <cite style="color: teal;">o</cite>-- <cite style="color: teal;">passion</cite> = <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">pâ$@n</tt>, <cite style="color: teal;">vision</cite> = <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">vî$@n"</tt>. Note that the <cite style="color: teal;">i</cite> is lost.</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">before <cite style="color: teal;">ur</cite>-- <cite style="color: teal;">assure </cite>= <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">@$ur</tt>; <cite style="color: teal;">leisure</cite> = <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">lë<u>$</u>@r</tt>.</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">after <cite style="color: teal;">k</cite> and before a vowel: <cite style="color: teal;">sexual</cite> = <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">sêk$u@l</tt>.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">At some point English affricated a number of consonants before a <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">i</tt> or <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">y</tt> that preceded another vowel, including the [<tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">y</tt>] sound that begins <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">ü</tt> Sometimes the <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">y</tt> has been lost since. This process seems to be no longer productive-- compare <cite style="color: teal;">costume, Casio</cite>. (Or is it? In quick speech I do say <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">kôsçùm</tt>.)</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">Rule 14 shows another reason <cite style="color: teal;">ghoti</cite> is a fraud: <cite style="color: teal;">ti </cite>only fricativizes when it's followed by a vowel.</span><br />
<h3 style="break-after: avoid; color: navy; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; margin: 12pt 0in 10pt;">
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">Voicing of s</span></h3>
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"><span class="RuleNo" style="color: red; font-family: "times"; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: bold;">17</span>. <cite style="color: teal;">s</cite> is voiced between two vowels (<cite style="color: teal;">amuse, design, prison</cite>), except after <cite style="color: teal;">a</cite> (<cite style="color: teal;">base, parasite</cite>).</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">It's easy to find exception to this rule: <cite style="color: teal;">disagree, opposite, analysis</cite>-- there's even words where the rule applies only for verbs (<cite style="color: teal;">abuse, house</cite>). The rule as stated has more successes than failures, and I haven't been able to find merely lexical rules that do much better. A better rule might take the language of origin into account: the voicing tends to occur in French and Latin words (<cite style="color: teal;">resent, please, reason, miserable</cite>), but not if they're from Greek (<cite style="color: teal;">analysis, isoceles</cite>) or more exotic languages (<cite style="color: teal;">papoose, Osaka</cite>).</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">The voicing of <cite style="color: teal;">s</cite> is so almost predictable that there are orthographic conventions (borrowed from French) to indicate that we really do want an <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">s</tt>: double the <cite style="color: teal;">s</cite> (cf. <cite style="color: teal;">Moses</cite> vs. <cite style="color: teal;">mosses</cite>), or use <cite style="color: teal;">c</cite> instead (<cite style="color: teal;">race</cite> vs. <cite style="color: teal;">rase</cite>). Annoyingly, there are a few cases of unexpectedly voiced <cite style="color: teal;">ss</cite> (<cite style="color: teal;">dessert, dissolve</cite>).</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">As a corollary of this rule, the American use of <cite style="color: teal;">-ize</cite> for British <cite style="color: teal;">-ise</cite> was unnecessary, although of course it is more foolproof.</span><br />
<h3 style="break-after: avoid; color: navy; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; margin: 12pt 0in 10pt;">
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">You know me, al</span></h3>
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"><span class="RuleNo" style="color: red; font-family: "times"; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: bold;">18</span>. <cite style="color: teal;">al </cite>is pronounced <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">òl</tt> before <cite style="color: teal;">r, s, m</cite>, a dental stop, or final <cite style="color: teal;">ll</cite>: <cite style="color: teal;">also, already, wall, bald, although, almost</cite>.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"><span class="RuleNo" style="color: red; font-family: "times"; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: bold;">19</span>. <cite style="color: teal;">alk</cite> becomes <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">òk</tt>, except initially: <cite style="color: teal;">walk </cite>= <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">wòk</tt>.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">I suspect this is a sound change, obscured by later borrowings like <cite style="color: teal;">alcohol</cite>.</span><br />
<h3 style="break-after: avoid; color: navy; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; margin: 12pt 0in 10pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="20" style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">Softening of velars</a></h3>
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"><span class="RuleNo" style="color: red; font-family: "times"; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: bold;">20</span>. <cite style="color: teal;">c</cite> becomes <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">s</tt> before a front vowel, <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">k</tt> elsewhere: <cite style="color: teal;">cell</cite> = <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">sêl</tt>, <cite style="color: teal;">acid</cite> = <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">âsîd</tt>, but <cite style="color: teal;">cow</cite> = <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">kôw</tt>, <cite style="color: teal;">backer</cite> = <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">bâk@r</tt>, <cite style="color: teal;">clear</cite> = <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">klër</tt>.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"><span class="RuleNo" style="color: red; font-family: "times"; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: bold;">21</span>. Similarly, <cite style="color: teal;">g</cite> becomes <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">j</tt> before a front vowel, <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">g</tt> elsewhere: <cite style="color: teal;">gel</cite> = <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">jêl</tt>, <cite style="color: teal;">turgid </cite>= <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">t@rjîd</tt>, but <cite style="color: teal;">got</cite> = <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">gôt</tt>, <cite style="color: teal;">twig</cite> = <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">twîg</tt>, <cite style="color: teal;">gleam</cite> = <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">glëm</tt>.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"><span class="RuleNo" style="color: red; font-family: "times"; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: bold;">22</span>. If the <cite style="color: teal;">g </cite>doesn't begin the word, and the triggering <cite style="color: teal;">e</cite> precedes <cite style="color: teal;">o</cite> or <cite style="color: teal;">a</cite>, the <cite style="color: teal;">e</cite> is lost: <cite style="color: teal;">changeable</cite> = <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">cänj@b@l</tt>; <cite style="color: teal;">dungeon </cite>= <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">dûnj@n</tt> (but <cite style="color: teal;">geology </cite>= <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">jëôl@jë</tt>).</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"><span class="RuleNo" style="color: red; font-family: "times"; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: bold;">23</span>. Initial <cite style="color: teal;">gu</cite> or final <cite style="color: teal;">gue</cite> is pronounced <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">g</tt>: <cite style="color: teal;">guest</cite> = <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">gêst</tt>, <cite style="color: teal;">plague</cite> = <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">pläg</tt>. (Medially, it tends to be <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">gw</tt> instead: <cite style="color: teal;">language, anguish</cite>.)</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">Front vowels are <cite style="color: teal;">i </cite>and <cite style="color: teal;">e</cite>; note that <cite style="color: teal;">y</cite> was changed to <cite style="color: teal;">i</cite> by rule 12. We owe these rules to a sound change, and not even our own-- it derives from the history of French.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">The last two rules allow <cite style="color: teal;">g</cite> to be used for two sounds:</span><br />
<ul style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<li><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"><tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">ga ge gi go gu</tt> can be written <cite style="color: teal;">ga gue gui go gu</cite></span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"><tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">ja je ji jo ju</tt> can be written <cite style="color: teal;">gea ge gi geo geu.</cite></span></li>
</ul>
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">The inserted <cite style="color: teal;">e</cite> or <cite style="color: teal;">u</cite> are orthographic only; they make sure rule 21 applies or doesn't apply, as desired.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">In French, there's a parallel with c:</span><br />
<ul style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<li><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"><tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">ka ke ki ko ku</tt> can be written <cite style="color: teal;">ca que qui co cu</cite></span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"><tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">sa se si so su</tt> can be written <cite style="color: teal;">cea ce ci ceo ceu</cite> (but it's more usual to write <cite style="color: teal;">ça ce ci ço çu</cite>)</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">but it doesn't work so well in English, since our <cite style="color: teal;">qu</cite> is still <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">kw</tt>. The inserted <cite style="color: teal;">e</cite> is found in just a few words (e.g. <cite style="color: teal;">placeable</cite>), due to compounding.</span><br />
<h3 style="break-after: avoid; color: navy; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; margin: 12pt 0in 10pt;">
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">Untangle reverse-written final liquids</span></h3>
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"><span class="RuleNo" style="color: red; font-family: "times"; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: bold;">24</span>. <cite style="color: teal;">le</cite> and <cite style="color: teal;">re</cite> (after a consonant, and ending the word) should be rewritten <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">@l, @r</tt>.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">To be precise, they become syllabic consonants: the final sound in <cite style="color: teal;">bottle</cite> is a prolonged dark <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">l</tt>. I think this is an allophonic detail, however: if you like, just add a rule at the end to turn all instances of <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">@r</tt> into syllabic <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";"><u>r</u></tt>.</span><br />
<h3 style="break-after: avoid; color: navy; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; margin: 12pt 0in 10pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="25" style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">Short and long vowels</a></h3>
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">OK, listen up, because these are the <b>two most important rules</b> of English spelling.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"><span class="RuleNo" style="color: red; font-family: "times"; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: bold;">25</span>. Vowels are pronounced long before an intervocalic consonant (<cite style="color: teal;">rate, mete, fine, rote, cute</cite> = <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">rät mët fïn röt küt</tt>).</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"><span class="RuleNo" style="color: red; font-family: "times"; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: bold;">26</span>. They're short before two consonants (<cite style="color: teal;">baffle, held, children, rotten, butler</cite>), or before a final consonant (<cite style="color: teal;">pat, pet, pit, pot, but </cite>= <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">pât pêt pît pôt bût</tt>).</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">English has a dozen or so vowel phonemes, and this silly alphabet we inherited from the Romans has just five vowel symbols (<cite style="color: teal;">y</cite> is sometimes used as a vowel, but as we've seen, it pointlessly duplicates <cite style="color: teal;">i</cite>). The five symbols can represent ten sounds, thanks to these rules.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">Each vowel letter has two basic interpretations, which by convention are called <b>long</b> and <b>short</b>. (Phonetically they're <i>not</i> distinguished by length; <i>tense </i>and <i>lax</i> would be more accurate. But I think the more familiar terms will be more readable, and remind readers that their old English teachers were onto something after all.)</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">In my transcription, <b>long</b> vowels are marked with a diaresis, since html doesn't supply a macron (<tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">äëïöü</tt>), and <b>short </b>vowels with a circumflex (<tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">âêîôû</tt>). Now you can see why I chose those odd representations-- they come from the basic logic of English spelling. (Think of the diaresis as the IPA <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">:</tt> long mark.)</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">Note that the names of the letters <cite style="color: teal;">A E I O U</cite> are simply the 'long' vowels.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">And where did <i>that </i>come from?</span><br />
<ul style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<li><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">The spelling of the long vowels is the fault of the Great Vowel Shift of early modern times. Middle English spoke the vowels with their 'proper' vowels, so that (say) <cite style="color: teal;">mate</cite> would have been pronounced <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">môt@</tt>.</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">The short vowels are simply laxed versions of the <i>original</i> sounds of the long vowels. <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">ê</tt>, for instance, is a lazy version of <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">ä</tt> (the original sound of long <cite style="color: teal;">e</cite>)-- closer to the muddy center of the vowel space.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">The above rules work in conjunction with rule 54, which means that <b>doubling a consonant</b> changes a medial vowel from long to short: <cite style="color: teal;">later/latter, Peter/petter, biter/bitter, hoping/hopping, cuter/cutter</cite>.</span><br />
<h3 style="break-after: avoid; color: navy; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; margin: 12pt 0in 10pt;">
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">Exceptions, but general ones</span></h3>
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"><span class="RuleNo" style="color: red; font-family: "times"; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: bold;">27</span>. Final <cite style="color: teal;">ind</cite> is <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">ïnd</tt>, final <cite style="color: teal;">oss</cite> is <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">òs</tt>; final <cite style="color: teal;">og</cite> is <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">òg</tt>: <cite style="color: teal;">mind, boss, dog</cite> = <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">mïnd bòs dòg</tt>.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"><span class="RuleNo" style="color: red; font-family: "times"; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: bold;">28</span>. <cite style="color: teal;">o</cite> also becomes <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">ò</tt> before <cite style="color: teal;">f</cite> and another consonant (<cite style="color: teal;">offer</cite> = <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">òf@r</tt>, <cite style="color: teal;">soften</cite> = <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">sòf@n</tt>).</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"><span class="RuleNo" style="color: red; font-family: "times"; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: bold;">29</span>. <cite style="color: teal;">wa</cite> is pronounced <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">wô</tt> before a dental or alveolar consonant (<tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">t d n s +</tt>): <cite style="color: teal;">want, wander, swan, Rwanda, swat, wad, wasp</cite>, and as <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">wò</tt> between <cite style="color: teal;">w</cite> and <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">(t)$</tt>: <cite style="color: teal;">wash, squash, watch</cite> = <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">wò$ skwò$ wòç</tt>.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"><span class="RuleNo" style="color: red; font-family: "times"; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: bold;">29a</span>. <cite style="color: teal;">u</cite> is pronounced <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">u</tt> before <cite style="color: teal;">l</cite>, or after a labial stop (<tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">pb</tt>) and before a sibilant (<tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">s$ç</tt>): <cite style="color: teal;">adult, push, butch</cite>. (This doesn't apply if the u is long: <cite style="color: teal;">mule</cite>.)</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">I don't think I ever noticed these generalizations till I started working out the rules for this page. At least some of these, such as 29a, are sound changes from Shakespeare's time.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">Rules such as 6, 18, 19, 27, 28, and 51 introduce <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">ò</tt>, a vowel which (as signalled by the odd diacritic in my transcription) doesn't fit well into English phonology. The fact that a velar occurs in many of the rule conditions suggests that it was originally an allophonic variant of /ô/ and /â/ in this environment-- compare <cite style="color: teal;">dog, ought, long, walk</cite> with <cite style="color: teal;">dot, out, lot, wad</cite>. But it's now phonemic in GA, as can be seen in the minimum triad <cite style="color: teal;">caught, cot, cat</cite>. These rules would have to be modified (and some could be eliminated) in dialects that merge <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">ò</tt> and <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">ô</tt>.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">For some speakers, rule 29a only applies after labials, so that <cite style="color: teal;">pull</cite> and <cite style="color: teal;">dull</cite> don't rhyme.</span><br />
<h3 style="break-after: avoid; color: navy; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; margin: 12pt 0in 10pt;">
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">Softening of gn</span></h3>
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"><span class="RuleNo" style="color: red; font-family: "times"; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: bold;">30</span>. Except before a vowel, the vowel in <cite style="color: teal;">ign</cite> or <cite style="color: teal;">igm</cite> lengthens, and the <cite style="color: teal;">g</cite> is lost: <cite style="color: teal;">alignment paradigm</cite> = <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">@lïnm@nt, pär@dïm</tt>, but <cite style="color: teal;">igneous</cite> = <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">îgnë@s</tt>.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"><span class="RuleNo" style="color: red; font-family: "times"; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: bold;">31</span>. The <cite style="color: teal;">g</cite> is simply lost in <cite style="color: teal;">eign</cite>: <cite style="color: teal;">feign</cite> = <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">fän</tt>.</span><br />
<h3 style="break-after: avoid; color: navy; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; margin: 12pt 0in 10pt;">
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">Handling of -ous</span></h3>
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"><span class="RuleNo" style="color: red; font-family: "times"; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: bold;">32</span>. Except before a vowel, <cite style="color: teal;">ous</cite> reduces to <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">@s</tt>: <cite style="color: teal;">jealous</cite> = <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">jêl@s</tt>.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">I'm ambivalent about rules that relate to a particular suffix, since arguably the pronunciation is simply a fact about the suffix in the mental lexicon. But a suffix can apply to dozens of words, so there was a large gain from including some such rules in the file.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">Note the importance of order: this rule has to be ordered before silent <cite style="color: teal;">e</cite> deletion, or it will apply to words like <cite style="color: teal;">arouse</cite>.</span><br />
<h3 style="break-after: avoid; color: navy; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; margin: 12pt 0in 10pt;">
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">Removal of silent e</span></h3>
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"><span class="RuleNo" style="color: red; font-family: "times"; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: bold;">33</span>. Remove final <cite style="color: teal;">e</cite>: <cite style="color: teal;">rate mike cute</cite> = <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">rät mïk küt</tt> (unless it's the only vowel in the word, as in <cite style="color: teal;">he</cite>).</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">This and rules 25 and 26 (on long and short vowels) are the guts of the English spelling system. They allow the five vowel symbols to represent ten vowel phonemes.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">English orthography tends to preserve the spelling of morphemes in derived words, including their final <cite style="color: teal;">e</cite>. The program is too stupid to handle this, since it has no way of recognizing compounds. But of course in words like <cite style="color: teal;">safety, lovely, changeable, careful, warehouse, jukebox, placement, placeholder</cite> the <cite style="color: teal;">e</cite> in the first morpheme should be deleted by this rule.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">People pay tribute to these rules every time they make up words-- whether for marketing purposes (<cite style="color: teal;">Nite-Lite, Cold-Eeze, Unix</cite>), slang (<cite style="color: teal;">reefer, dweeb, doofus</cite>), a created world (<cite style="color: teal;">hobbit, Leela, Oz, Alley Oop, Naboo, Mr. Magoo, Morlock</cite>), or for borrowings ( <cite style="color: teal;">thuggee, kangaroo, tycoon, igloo, tepee</cite>). Words that don't fit the pattern, like <cite style="color: teal;">Linux</cite>, can cause confusion.</span><br />
<h3 style="break-after: avoid; color: navy; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; margin: 12pt 0in 10pt;">
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">Add shortening; stir</span></h3>
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">Some vowels that are orthographically long are pronounced short, and frankly I haven't put my finger on the pattern. In the file I did add this rule:</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"><span class="RuleNo" style="color: red; font-family: "times"; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: bold;">34</span>. Shorten a vowel that precedes a simple, final CV syllable (and is not the first syllable in the word).</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">This handles words like <cite style="color: teal;">anomaly, cinema, sanity, biology, century</cite>; but it fails on other words, like <cite style="color: teal;">patina, tuxedo, agora.</cite> Obviously the shortened vowels are all unstressed; but the idea here is to predict pronunciations from the spelling, and the spelling doesn't indicate the stress.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">(We've already removed silent <cite style="color: teal;">e</cite>, so this rule isn't triggered by words like <cite style="color: teal;">phoneme</cite>.)</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">Somewhere I read that long vowels can't occur earlier than the antepenult; but obvious counterexamples are <cite style="color: teal;"><u>i</u>solating</cite> or <cite style="color: teal;"><u>u</u>nification</cite>. I'll see if I can improve the generalization, however.</span><br />
<h3 style="break-after: avoid; color: navy; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; margin: 12pt 0in 10pt;">
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">Vowel digraphs</span></h3>
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">Besides the long/short trick, English expands its repertoire of vowel representations with digraphs. Quite a few of these are redundant, and there are lots of exceptions-- this, and not <cite style="color: teal;">ch</cite> or <cite style="color: teal;">ough</cite>, is the real weak point of English spelling.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"><span class="RuleNo" style="color: red; font-family: "times"; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: bold;">35</span>. <cite style="color: teal;">iV</cite> (that is, <cite style="color: teal;">i</cite> plus another vowel) becomes <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">ï@</tt> in the initial syllable: <cite style="color: teal;">bias, diagram</cite> = <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">bï@s, dï@grâm</tt>.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"><span class="RuleNo" style="color: red; font-family: "times"; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: bold;">36</span>. Exceptions to the following rule:</span><br />
<ul style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<li><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">Final <cite style="color: teal;">ow</cite> is pronounced <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">ö</tt>: <cite style="color: teal;">slow, rainbow, overthrow</cite>.</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"><cite style="color: teal;">oo</cite> is pronuonced <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">ù</tt> before a <cite style="color: teal;">k</cite>: <cite style="color: teal;">book, crook, look</cite>.</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"><cite style="color: teal;">ei</cite> is pronuonced <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">ë</tt> after <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">s</tt>: <cite style="color: teal;">perceive, ceiling, seize</cite>.</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"><cite style="color: teal;">ie</cite> is pronounced <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">ï</tt> finally: <cite style="color: teal;">dye, necktie</cite>.</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"><cite style="color: teal;">oul</cite> becomes <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">ù</tt> before a final <cite style="color: teal;">d</cite>.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"><span class="RuleNo" style="color: red; font-family: "times"; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: bold;">37</span>. Make the following substitutions:</span><br />
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <cite style="color: teal;">eau</cite> </span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">ö</tt> </span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <cite style="color: teal;">ai</cite></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">ä</tt></span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <cite style="color: teal;">au, aw</cite></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">ò</tt></span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <cite style="color: teal;">ee</cite></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">ë</tt></span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <cite style="color: teal;">ea</cite></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">ë</tt></span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <cite style="color: teal;">ei</cite></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">ä</tt></span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <cite style="color: teal;">eo</cite></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">ë@</tt></span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <cite style="color: teal;">eu, ew</cite></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">ü</tt></span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <cite style="color: teal;">ie</cite></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">ë</tt></span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <cite style="color: teal;">iV</cite></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">ë@</tt></span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <cite style="color: teal;">oa</cite></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">ö</tt></span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <cite style="color: teal;">oe</cite></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">ö</tt></span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <cite style="color: teal;">oo</cite></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">u</tt></span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <cite style="color: teal;">ou, ow</cite></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">ôw</tt></span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <cite style="color: teal;">oi</cite></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">öy</tt></span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <cite style="color: teal;">ua</cite></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">ü@</tt></span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <cite style="color: teal;">ue</cite></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">u</tt></span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <cite style="color: teal;">ui</cite></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">u</tt></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">Again, the program is not smart enough to recognize when the digraph spans a morpheme boundary, and thus should be treated as two separate vowels: <cite style="color: teal;">goer</cite> = <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">gö@r</tt>, <cite style="color: teal;">coaxial</cite> = <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">köâksë@l</tt>.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">Annoyingly, some of these digraphs have at least two values: cf. <cite style="color: teal;">wool, fool; mead, dread; fief, friend; reign, seize; ground, group</cite>. The values in the table are those that occur most often. (The alternatives are generally just a step or two apart phonetically, e.g. <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">u/ù, ë/ê, ä/ë</tt>.)</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">For ease of exposition I've put the final <cite style="color: teal;">ie </cite>rule here, but it really goes before rule 14 (affrication); otherwise terrible things happen to words like <cite style="color: teal;">untie</cite>.</span><br />
<h3 style="break-after: avoid; color: navy; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; margin: 12pt 0in 10pt;">
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">Those pesky final syllabics</span></h3>
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"><span class="RuleNo" style="color: red; font-family: "times"; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: bold;">38</span>. Any vowel reduces to <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">@</tt> before final <cite style="color: teal;">l</cite>: <cite style="color: teal;">battle, final, hovel, evil, symbol</cite>.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"><span class="RuleNo" style="color: red; font-family: "times"; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: bold;">39</span>. Any short vowel reducts to <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">@</tt> before a final <cite style="color: teal;">n</cite>: <cite style="color: teal;">human, frighten, cabin, button</cite>.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">These rules don't apply to monosyllables (<cite style="color: teal;">pal, can</cite>), nor to vowels that have already been assigned a particular value by an earlier rule (e.g. <cite style="color: teal;">meal</cite> to <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">mël</tt> by rule 37).</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">These rules could probably be refined; they don't apply to stressed finals, but again, the orthography doesn't indicate stress.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">You can take <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">@l</tt> as a phonemic representation, or add a rule at the end to replace it with vocalic <u><tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">l</tt></u>. Ditto for <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">@n</tt>.</span><br />
<h3 style="break-after: avoid; color: navy; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; margin: 12pt 0in 10pt;">
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">Suffix simplifications</span></h3>
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"><span class="RuleNo" style="color: red; font-family: "times"; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: bold;">40</span>. The following suffixes are reduced as follows:</span><br />
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <cite style="color: teal;">-able, -ible</cite> </span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">@b@l</tt> </span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <cite style="color: teal;">-lion</cite></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">ly@n</tt></span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <cite style="color: teal;">-nion</cite></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">ny@n</tt></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">Again, we really shouldn't have 'rules' for single lexical entries. But these suffixes are common, so the rule has a large yield.</span><br />
<h3 style="break-after: avoid; color: navy; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; margin: 12pt 0in 10pt;">
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">Unpronounceable finals</span></h3>
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"><span class="RuleNo" style="color: red; font-family: "times"; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: bold;">41</span>. A final <cite style="color: teal;">b</cite> or <cite style="color: teal;">n</cite> is not pronounced if preceded by an <cite style="color: teal;">m</cite>: <cite style="color: teal;">damn bomb</cite> = <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">dâm bôm</tt>.</span><br />
<h3 style="break-after: avoid; color: navy; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; margin: 12pt 0in 10pt;">
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">Final vowel coloration</span></h3>
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"><span class="RuleNo" style="color: red; font-family: "times"; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: bold;">42</span>. Pronounce any remaining final vowel as follows:</span><br />
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <cite style="color: teal;">-a</cite> </span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">@</tt> </span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <cite style="color: teal;">-i</cite></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">ë</tt></span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <cite style="color: teal;">-o</cite></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">ö</tt></span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <cite style="color: teal;">-u</cite></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">u</tt></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">A final vowel is usually the mark of a foreign word, which is why final vowels tend to have the 'continental' values: <cite style="color: teal;">sushi, cello, haiku</cite>. Earlier borrowings were nativized, meaning that final vowels had to be written as diphthongs (e.g. <cite style="color: teal;">Munsee</cite>, <cite style="color: teal;">Hindoo</cite>).</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">Since final <cite style="color: teal;">-e</cite> is already in use, we used to mark one that was supposed to be pronounced (<cite style="color: teal;">Chloë </cite>= <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">klöë</tt>), or, if we were borrowing from French, we retained the accent (<cite style="color: teal;">café</cite> = <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">kâfä</tt>). But English seems to be so allergic to diacritics that these helpful conventions have largely been lost.</span><br />
<h3 style="break-after: avoid; color: navy; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; margin: 12pt 0in 10pt;">
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">Vowels before r</span></h3>
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"><cite style="color: teal;">r</cite> is hell on English vowels; it tends to color the vowels, and in many dialects, disappear. In GA there are 12 monophthongal vowels, but only 6 can appear before <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">r</tt>-- <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">ä ë ô ö ò u</tt>-- plus <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">@r</tt>, which is really just a prolonged vocalic <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";"><u>r</u></tt>.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"><span class="RuleNo" style="color: red; font-family: "times"; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: bold;">43</span>. An <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">ôw, ô</tt>, or <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">ò</tt> resulting from the previous rules changes to <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">ö</tt> before an <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">r</tt>: <cite style="color: teal;">course</cite> = <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">körs</tt>, <cite style="color: teal;">for</cite> = <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">för</tt>.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"><span class="RuleNo" style="color: red; font-family: "times"; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: bold;">44</span>. <cite style="color: teal;">war </cite>is pronounced <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">wör</tt>, except before a vowel: <cite style="color: teal;">warlock, war, dwarf</cite> = <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">wörlôk, wör, dwörf</tt>; and <cite style="color: teal;">wor</cite> is pronounced <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">w@r</tt>: <cite style="color: teal;">word, worst, worry</cite>.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"><span class="RuleNo" style="color: red; font-family: "times"; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: bold;">45</span>. <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">ê</tt> or <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">â</tt> before a double <cite style="color: teal;">r</cite> (and <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">ê</tt> before <cite style="color: teal;">ri</cite>) become <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">ä</tt>: <cite style="color: teal;">terror, marry, merit</cite> = <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">tär@r, märë, märît</tt>.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"><span class="RuleNo" style="color: red; font-family: "times"; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: bold;">46</span>. <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">â</tt> before any other <cite style="color: teal;">r</cite> becomes <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">ô</tt>: <cite style="color: teal;">mark, star </cite>= <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">môrk, stôr</tt>.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"><span class="RuleNo" style="color: red; font-family: "times"; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: bold;">47</span>. <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">ê, î, û</tt> before <cite style="color: teal;">r</cite> are reduced to schwa: <cite style="color: teal;">perk, fir, fur</cite> = <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">p@rk, f@r, f@r</tt>.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">Thanks to the infamous rule 45, I pronounce <cite style="color: teal;">Mary, merry, marry</cite> the same. If you left this rule out, it would probably correctly predict the pronounciation of Easterners and Britons who distinguish them.</span><br />
<h3 style="break-after: avoid; color: navy; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; margin: 12pt 0in 10pt;">
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">The velar nasal ng</span></h3>
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">The careful reader may wonder why <cite style="color: teal;">ng</cite> was not handled earlier, with the other consonantal digraphs. The reason is that orthographically, it acts as a double consonant-- e.g. <cite style="color: teal;">singer</cite> has a short not a long <b>i</b>. But now it's time to handle it.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">For lack of an eng, I represent the velar nasal as <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">ñ</tt>; don't confuse it with a palatalized <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">ny</tt>.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"><span class="RuleNo" style="color: red; font-family: "times"; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: bold;">48</span>. <cite style="color: teal;">ng</cite> becomes <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">ñg</tt> before a liquid (<tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">r, l</tt>) or semivowel (<tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">y, w</tt>): <cite style="color: teal;">angry, England, singular, anguish</cite> = <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">äñgrë, îñglând, sîñgül@r, äñgwî$</tt>.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"><span class="RuleNo" style="color: red; font-family: "times"; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: bold;">49</span>. <cite style="color: teal;">ng</cite> becomes <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">ñ</tt> finally, or before another consonant: <cite style="color: teal;">hung</cite> = <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">hûng</tt>, <cite style="color: teal;">length</cite> = <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">läñ+.</tt></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"><span class="RuleNo" style="color: red; font-family: "times"; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: bold;">50</span>. <cite style="color: teal;">n</cite> becomes <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">ñ</tt> before a velar stop (<tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">k, g</tt>): <cite style="color: teal;">anger</cite> = <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">äñg@r</tt>, <cite style="color: teal;">think</cite> = <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">+îñk</tt>.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"><span class="RuleNo" style="color: red; font-family: "times"; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: bold;">51</span>. <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">ô</tt> becomes <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">ò</tt>, and <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">â</tt> becomes <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">ä</tt> before <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">ñ</tt>: <cite style="color: teal;">song</cite> = <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">sòñ</tt>; <cite style="color: teal;">hang</cite> = <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">häñ</tt>.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">Note that rule 50 doesn't apply to words like <cite style="color: teal;">hung</cite>, because rule 49 already removed the <cite style="color: teal;">g </cite>in those words.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">50 is arguably merely allophonic, but since it's completely consistent I treated it as a spelling rule. You could certainly say that a word like <cite style="color: teal;">ungrateful</cite> 'really' has an underlying /ng/, because it's composed of<cite style="color: teal;">un</cite> plus <cite style="color: teal;">grateful</cite>; then this, as in most languages, will get pronounced <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">ñg</tt>. But if you go that route, you can't actually show that English allows /ñg/ as well as /ng/-- how do we know that <cite style="color: teal;">wrong</cite> isn't actually /ròng/, modified by the allophonic rule? The important thing is not to pretend that we have a contrast of /ng/ and /ñg/.</span><br />
<h3 style="break-after: avoid; color: navy; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; margin: 12pt 0in 10pt;">
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">Voicing of s</span></h3>
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"><span class="RuleNo" style="color: red; font-family: "times"; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: bold;">52</span>. <cite style="color: teal;">s</cite> is voiced finally, after a voiced oral stop: <cite style="color: teal;">dogs</cite> = <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">dògz</tt>.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"><span class="RuleNo" style="color: red; font-family: "times"; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: bold;">53</span>. It's also voiced before final <cite style="color: teal;">m</cite>: <cite style="color: teal;">prism</cite> = <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">prîzm</tt>.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">The first of these rules is really morphophonemic: the plural, possessive, and 3p singular inflections of English are spelled <cite style="color: teal;">s</cite> even when, by assimilation, they're pronounced <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">z</tt>. This rule is not phonological, as can be seen by a word like <cite style="color: teal;">chance</cite> = <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">çâns</tt>; compare <cite style="color: teal;">fans</cite> = <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">fânz</tt>.</span><br />
<h3 style="break-after: avoid; color: navy; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; margin: 12pt 0in 10pt;">
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">Double consonants</span></h3>
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"><span class="RuleNo" style="color: red; font-family: "times"; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: bold;">54</span>. A double consonant is pronounced singly: <cite style="color: teal;">dinner, buzzard, hassle</cite> = <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">dîn@r, bûz@rd, hâs@l</tt>.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"><span class="RuleNo" style="color: red; font-family: "times"; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: bold;">55</span>. A <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">t</tt> disappears before <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">ç</tt>, and a <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">d</tt> before <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">j</tt>: <cite style="color: teal;">batch</cite> = <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">bâç</tt>, <cite style="color: teal;">judge</cite> = <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">jûj</tt>.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"><span class="RuleNo" style="color: red; font-family: "times"; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: bold;">56</span>. An <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">s</tt> disappears before <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">$</tt>: <cite style="color: teal;">pressure</cite> = <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">prê$r</tt>.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">Rule 54 works hand in hand with <a href="http://www.zompist.com/spell.html#25">rule 25</a>: a consonant is doubled to show that the preceding vowel is short: <cite style="color: teal;">redder</cite> = <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">rêd@r</tt> (compare <cite style="color: teal;">red</cite>, where the <cite style="color: teal;">d</cite> doesn't need to be doubled because a vowel preceding a final consonant is already short).</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">Rule 55 is something of a corollary: to 'double' <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">ç</tt>, we write <cite style="color: teal;">tch</cite> rather than <cite style="color: teal;">chch</cite>; and to double a <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">j</tt>, we write <cite style="color: teal;">dg</cite> rather than <cite style="color: teal;">jj</cite> or <cite style="color: teal;">gg</cite>.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">Rule 56 goes with <a href="http://www.zompist.com/spell.html#16">rule 16</a>, which changed <cite style="color: teal;">s</cite> to <span tt="">$ before some instances of <cite style="color: teal;">u</cite>.</span></span><br />
<h2 style="break-after: avoid; color: navy; font-size: 12pt; margin: 12pt 0in 10pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="almost" style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">Almost but not quite regular</a></h2>
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">In the rule list there's <b>almost</b> a rule that changes <cite style="color: teal;">o</cite> to <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">û</tt> before certain fricatives or nasals. Here's a list of affected words, as well as counterexamples:</span><br />
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">_v</tt> </span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <cite style="color: teal;">above, cover, dove, glove, govern, hovel, hover, love, oven, shovel, of</cite></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <cite style="color: teal;">clover, prove, drover, jovial, move, novel, over, poverty, proverb, province, sovereign, stove, bovine</cite></span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">_l</tt></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <cite style="color: teal;">color</cite></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <cite style="color: teal;">apology, polo</cite></span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">_+</tt></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <cite style="color: teal;">other, another, mother, brother, nothing</cite></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <cite style="color: teal;">both, bother, broth, brothl, cloth, clothes, moth</cite></span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">_n</tt></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <cite style="color: teal;">onion, none, money, monk, monkey, month, wonder, front, son, sponge, honey, Monday, one</cite></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <cite style="color: teal;">alone, bone, honest, honor, tonight, pond, beyond, conk</cite></span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">_m</tt></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <cite style="color: teal;">come, become, from, some, stomach</cite></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <cite style="color: teal;">bomb, comb, dome, home, gnome, Mom, whom, womb</cite></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">Most of these turn out to be due to an orthographic or even a calligraphic rule: medieval English scribes wrote <cite style="color: teal;">o</cite> instead of <cite style="color: teal;">u</cite> before <cite style="color: teal;">m, n, v</cite>, apparently because in the medieval hand, the verticals of the <cite style="color: teal;">u</cite> ran confusingly together with those of the following consonant.</span><br />
<h2 style="break-after: avoid; color: navy; font-size: 12pt; margin: 12pt 0in 10pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="irregular" style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">So what's irregular?</a></h2>
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">The biggest source of errors are those that I considered <b>near-misses</b>: instances where the rules get the length of a vowel wrong, or don't predict a reduction to schwa, or don't predict a voiced <cite style="color: teal;">s</cite>.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">The first two of these are <b>a feature not a bug</b>, since they make word roots recognizable, despite predictable differences in pronunciation. For instance, the root <cite style="color: teal;">pedant</cite> is spelled identically in <cite style="color: teal;">pedant</cite>(<tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">pêd@nt</tt>) and <cite style="color: teal;">pedantic</cite> (<tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">p@dântîk)</tt>). This underlines the relationship between the two words, despite the fact that neither root vowel is pronounced the same. Similarly, <cite style="color: teal;">sanity</cite> has a short a (<tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">sânîtë</tt>), although a vowel preceding a single consonant is normally long; this is an 'error', but it keeps the same spelling of the root as in <cite style="color: teal;">sane</cite>.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">Putting these near-misses aside, my program gets 791 words wrong in a 5180-word sample vocabulary.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">Many of these are really stupidities of the program, not the language. There are:</span><br />
<ul style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<li><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">188 simple variations of other errors-- e.g. since <cite style="color: teal;">busy</cite> is wrongly predicted to have a <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">ü</tt>, so is <cite style="color: teal;">business</cite></span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">52 borrowings using foreign spelling conventions (e.g. <cite style="color: teal;">aficionado, bourgeois, cello, stein</cite>). Borrowings are common enough in English that writers can learn the patterns for each source language.</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">18 instances of final <cite style="color: teal;">-ed</cite> taken as <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">êd</tt></span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">45 words (mostly Greek) where <cite style="color: teal;">ch</cite> = <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">k</tt> not <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">ç</tt></span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">45 silent <cite style="color: teal;">e</cite>'s not recognized as such due to compounding</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">20 over-enthusiastic vowel reductions (usually due to stress falling where, statistically, it doesn't occur much: <cite style="color: teal;">amen, violin</cite>; or to vowels that unexpectedly don't turn to schwa before <cite style="color: teal;">r</cite>: <cite style="color: teal;">m<u>i</u>rror, s<u>e</u>rgeant</cite>).</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">6 instances of consonant combinations taken as single sounds despite crossing a morpheme boundary (e.g. <cite style="color: teal;">dishonor, shepherd</cite>)</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">That leaves about 420 words wrong, less than 10%; the major categories are as follows:</span><br />
<ul style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<li><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">195 misinterpretations of diphthongs; some of these are genuine ambiguities in English spelling (cf. <cite style="color: teal;">dead, mead, real; die, sieve, science, fief</cite>); others are due to insufficient analysis (e.g. <cite style="color: teal;">poet</cite> is mispredicted simply because I didn't provide a rule for <cite style="color: teal;">oe</cite>-- it wasn't worth it, it occurred too rarely in the lexicon).</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">37 examples of the <cite style="color: teal;">o</cite> to <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">û</tt> change <a href="http://www.zompist.com/spell.html#almost">discussed above</a>.</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">26 indefensible vowel spellings (e.g. <cite style="color: teal;">pretty, women, resin, English, lose, swamp, water, bury, lawyer</cite>).</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">17 consonant clusters not simplified enough (e.g. <cite style="color: teal;">half, folks, listen, mortgage, raspberry</cite>).</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">17 instances of an unexpected (or mispredicted) <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">ò</tt>; e.g. <cite style="color: teal;">cloth, frost, chocolate</cite>.</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">18 instances of final <cite style="color: teal;">-y</cite> being <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">ï</tt> rather than <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">ë</tt> .</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">13 annoying cases where <cite style="color: teal;">g </cite>before a front vowel is hard (e.g. <cite style="color: teal;">get, give</cite>); there are also 4 cases where <cite style="color: teal;">gg</cite> + front vowel was taken incorrectly as <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">gj</tt>-- which it should be, dammit (<cite style="color: teal;">suggest</cite>) but often isn't (<cite style="color: teal;">stagger</cite>).</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">8 instances of an unexpected <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">ù</tt>; e.g. <cite style="color: teal;">put, wolf, woman. </cite>(These all begin with labials-- these may be related to rule 29a.)</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">10 unexpected (af)frications (e.g. <cite style="color: teal;">educate, ocean, righteous, sure</cite>); there's also an instance of an unexpected lack of frication (<cite style="color: teal;">absurd</cite>)</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">8 more instances of <cite style="color: teal;">er</cite> becoming <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">är</tt> (besides those noted in the rules-- e.g. <cite style="color: teal;">era, there, herald, very</cite>)</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">6 instances of vowels unexpectedly dropping (e.g. <cite style="color: teal;">bachelor, vegetable, Wednesday</cite>)</span></li>
</ul>
<h2 style="break-after: avoid; color: navy; font-size: 12pt; margin: 12pt 0in 10pt;">
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">Generating spellings from pronunciation</span></h2>
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">Can you <b>reverse </b>these rules to get instructions on how to spell a word given its pronunciation? Not really, since there are too many alternative spellings. However, the following table can be taken as a first approximation. For each GA phoneme, I list the spellings referred to in the rules above. Caveats:</span><br />
<ul style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<li><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">Remember <a href="http://www.zompist.com/spell.html#25">the long/short vowel rules</a> (25,26).</span><ul style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<li><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">To ensure a short pronunciation, double the following consonant.</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">To ensure a long pronunciation:</span><ul style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<li><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">at the end of a word, add a silent e</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">elsewhere in the word, use a diphthong instead.</span></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">Remember the softening of velars; see <a href="http://www.zompist.com/spell.html#20">rules 20-23</a> for a discussion of how to spell <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">s/k/g/j</tt> before various vowels.</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">Parenthesized characters represent the environment where you can use a spelling. Examples:</span><ul style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<li><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">under <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">s</tt>, <cite style="color: teal;">(V)ss(V)</cite> means that you can spell it <cite style="color: teal;">ss</cite> between two vowels</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">under <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">ä</tt>, <cite style="color: teal;">a(ng)</cite> means that you can spell it <cite style="color: teal;">a</cite> before <cite style="color: teal;">ng</cite>.</span></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"><cite style="color: teal;"># </cite>represents the end or beginning of a word:</span><ul style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<li><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"><cite style="color: teal;">i#</cite> under <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">ï</tt> means that this spelling occurs word-finally.</span></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"><tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">ks</tt> (or intervocalic <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">gz</tt>) can be written <cite style="color: teal;">x</cite>.</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">It's preferable to spell a word the same way across all morphological changes, even if it means slight violations of the rules (e.g. 'silent final e' in the middle of a word).</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">Likewise: write reduced vowels with the full vowel in a morphologically related word. E.g. the second vowel in <cite style="color: teal;">parent </cite>is <cite style="color: teal;">e</cite> because we have a full <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">ê</tt> in <cite style="color: teal;">parental</cite>.</span></li>
</ul>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr><td><b style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">Phoneme</b></td><td><b style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">Spellings</b></td><td><b style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">Phoneme</b></td><td><b style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">Spellings</b></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">ä</tt></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <cite style="color: teal;">a, ay, ai, ei, e(r), a(ng)</cite></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">p</tt></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <cite style="color: teal;">p</cite></span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">â</tt></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <cite style="color: teal;">a</cite></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">b</tt></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <cite style="color: teal;">b</cite></span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">ë</tt></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <cite style="color: teal;">e, ee, ea, ey, (c)ei, e(V), i#, y#</cite></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">t</tt></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <cite style="color: teal;">t</cite></span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">ê</tt></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <cite style="color: teal;">e, ea</cite></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">d</tt></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <cite style="color: teal;">d</cite></span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">ï</tt></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <cite style="color: teal;">i, y ,ie, igh, ig(n), i(V)</cite></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">g</tt></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <cite style="color: teal;">g, gh(i/e/y)</cite></span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">î</tt></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <cite style="color: teal;">i, y</cite></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">k</tt></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <cite style="color: teal;">k, c(a/o/u), q(u), ck#</cite></span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">ö</tt></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <cite style="color: teal;">o, oa, oe, ough, o#, ow#, eau</cite></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">m</tt></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <cite style="color: teal;">m</cite></span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">ô</tt></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <cite style="color: teal;">o, (w)a(n/s/t/d), a(r)</cite></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">n</tt></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <cite style="color: teal;">n</cite></span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">ü</tt></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <cite style="color: teal;">u, eu, ew</cite></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">ñ</tt></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <cite style="color: teal;">ng, n(k,g)</cite></span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">û</tt></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <cite style="color: teal;">u</cite></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">f</tt></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <cite style="color: teal;">f, ph</cite></span></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">v</tt></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <cite style="color: teal;">v</cite></span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">u</tt></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <cite style="color: teal;">oo, ue, ui, u#</cite></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">+</tt></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <cite style="color: teal;">th</cite></span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">ò</tt></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <cite style="color: teal;">au, aw, augh(t), a(l), (w)a(sh,ch), o(ss#, g#, fC, ng)</cite></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">+</tt></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <cite style="color: teal;">th</cite></span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">ù</tt></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <cite style="color: teal;">oo, u</cite></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">s</tt></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <cite style="color: teal;">s, (V)ss(V), c(i/e/y), ce(a/o/u)</cite></span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">@</tt></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <cite style="color: teal;">V, a#</cite></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">z</tt></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <cite style="color: teal;">z, (V)s(V)</cite></span></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">$</tt></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <cite style="color: teal;">sh, ci(V), ti(V); <a href="http://www.zompist.com/spell.html#16">rule 16</a> situations: s, ss</cite></span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">ôw</tt></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <cite style="color: teal;">ou, ow</cite></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">$</tt></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <cite style="color: teal;">s, zh</cite></span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">öy</tt></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <cite style="color: teal;">oy, oi</cite></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">ç</tt></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <cite style="color: teal;">ch, (doubled) tch, t(u)</cite></span></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">j</tt></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <cite style="color: teal;">j, (doubled) dg, g(i/e/y), ge(a/o/u</cite></span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">y</tt></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <cite style="color: teal;">y;</cite> <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">yu</tt> <cite style="color: teal;">can be u</cite></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">r</tt></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <cite style="color: teal;">r, #wr, rh</cite></span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">w</tt></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <cite style="color: teal;">w, #wh, u(V)</cite></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">;l</tt></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <cite style="color: teal;">l</cite></span></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">h</tt></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <cite style="color: teal;">h</cite></span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">@r</tt></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <cite style="color: teal;">Vr, re#</cite></span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="3"></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">@n</tt></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <cite style="color: teal;">Vn</cite></span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">@l</tt></span></td><td><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> <cite style="color: teal;">Vl, le#</cite></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h2 style="break-after: avoid; color: navy; font-size: 12pt; margin: 12pt 0in 10pt;">
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">Spelling reform by regularization</span></h2>
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">You could use the above table as the basis for a really useful and minimal spelling reform.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">For instance, here's Percy Bysshe Shelley's <i>Ozymandias </i>in regularized spelling. To minimize the barbarity, I exempt one- and two-letter words from reform.</span><br />
<blockquote>
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"><cite style="color: teal;">I met a traveller from an <u>anteke</u> land <u>hu sed</u>: <u>Tue</u> vast and trunkless legs of stone stand in the desert. Near them, on the sand, <u>haff </u>sunk, a shattered visage lies, <u>huse</u></cite> <cite style="color: teal;">frown, and wrinkled lip, and sneer of cold <u>cummand </u>tell that its sculptor well those passions read, which yet remain, stamped on these lifeless things-- the hand that mocked them, and the <u>hart </u>that fed. And on the <u>peddestal</u>these words are carved: 'My name is <u>Ozzymandias</u>, king of kings! Look on my works, ye mighty, and despair!' <u>Nuthing </u>beside remains. Round the decay of that colossal wreck, boundless and bare, the lone and <u>levvel</u> sands stretch far away.</cite></span></blockquote>
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">Or of course we could just hang it up and use <a href="http://www.zompist.com/yingzi/yingzi.htm">Chinese-style syllabograms</a> instead.</span><br />
<h2 style="break-after: avoid; color: navy; font-size: 12pt; margin: 12pt 0in 10pt;">
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">So how horrible is English spelling really?</span></h2>
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">I doubt that this page will convince anyone that English spelling is a <i>good </i>system. There's too many oddities.</span><br />
<ul style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<li><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">Vowel combinations are a mess-- often the best you can do is give the two most likely sounds (<cite style="color: teal;">realm, reap</cite>), and even those will be overruled in the fairly frequent cases where two vowels really adjoin (<cite style="color: teal;">reality</cite>).</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">There's too many quirky rules that derive from odd sound changes. We may not be able to get away from the Romance <cite style="color: teal;">c/g</cite> softening or the Great Vowel Shift, but does our spelling need to preserve old forms of <cite style="color: teal;">feign</cite> or <cite style="color: teal;">walk</cite>?</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">There was a period when busybodies did their best to make English look like Latin. This was bad enough when we distorted perfectly good French loans like <cite style="color: teal;">dette</cite> into <cite style="color: teal;">debt</cite>, but we're also stuck with false etymologies like <cite style="color: teal;">island</cite> (in place of the older, and regular, <cite style="color: teal;">iland</cite>).</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">And the modern custom of borrowing instead of adapting spellings, though nice for etymology, plays havoc with the orthography, especially as we start to borrow from more exotic languages and forget where they're from. I've heard well-meaning idiots pronouncing a Russian <cite style="color: teal;">z </cite>as <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">ts</tt>, as if it were German; and people like to pronounce words like <cite style="color: teal;">Sarajevo </cite>as if they were Spanish. And why spell <cite style="color: teal;">gyros</cite>as if it were classical instead of modern Greek (inviting the pronunciation <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">jïröz</tt> in place of <tt style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New";">yërös</tt>)?</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">While we're at it, could we please fix the word <cite style="color: teal;">ginkgo</cite>, which is not only difficult and irregular, but doesn't reflect <b>any</b> proper Japanese word? The Japanese characters (銀杏) can be read two ways: as <i>icho:</i>, they refer to the tree; as <i>ginnan</i>, to the fruit. The second character can be read <i>kyo:</i> in other words, so someone misread the combination as <i>ginkyo:</i>, and someone else mangled this into <i>ginkgo</i>.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;">What I hope to have shown, however, is that beneath all the pitfalls, there's a rather clever and fairly regular mechanism at work, and one which still gets the vast majority of words pretty much correct. It's not to modern tastes, but by no means as broken as people think.</span></div>
Vu Thi Phuong Anhhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11263378523301439180noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-764967974780583729.post-55895228771356157312016-09-23T03:35:00.000-07:002016-09-23T03:35:51.417-07:00Foreign languages in Finland's educational system (The New Federalist, 2006)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Link: <a href="http://www.thenewfederalist.eu/foreign-languages-in-finland-s-educational-system">http://www.thenewfederalist.eu/foreign-languages-in-finland-s-educational-system</a><br />
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Very good article.<br />
<br />
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Foreign Languages in Finland’s Educational System</h1>
<div class="info-publi" style="font-size: 12.0096px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding: 0px;">
<abbr class="published" itemprop="datePublished" style="border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(170, 170, 170); color: #666666; cursor: help; font-size: 12.0108px; letter-spacing: 0.07em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" title="2006-10-24T22:05:00Z">Wednesday 25 October 2006</abbr>, <span class="auteurs" style="font-size: 12.0108px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">by <span class="vcard author" style="font-size: 12.012px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="http://www.thenewfederalist.eu/_Muusa-Korhonen_" style="background: transparent; color: #874fff; font-size: 12.0132px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;">Muusa Korhonen</a></span></span></div>
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All the versions of this article: <span class="on" dir="ltr" lang="en" style="font-size: 12.0108px; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" xml:lang="en">[English]</span> <span dir="ltr" lang="fr" style="font-size: 12.0108px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" xml:lang="fr">[<a href="http://www.taurillon.org/La-situation-des-langues-etrangeres-dans-l-education-finlandaise" hreflang="fr" rel="alternate" style="background: transparent; color: #874fff; font-size: 12.012px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" title="La situation des langues étrangères dans l'éducation finlandaise">français</a>]</span></div>
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<div style="font-size: 1.5em; line-height: 1.5em; padding: 0px;">
The results of surveys show that the majority of Europeans learn languages only in school; this indicates the importance of the educational system in promoting the learning of languages in Europe. Finnish 15-year-olds were among the best in all four domains assessed by the PISA 2003 survey comprising 41 countries.</div>
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<img alt="" class="spip_logos" height="160" src="http://www.thenewfederalist.eu/local/cache-gd2/27cf9061b5b8532abecc8e9dd01ba982.jpg" style="border: 0px solid; float: left; font-size: 12.012px; margin: 0.35em 30px 1.5em 0px; padding: 0px;" width="190" /></div>
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authors</h2>
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<li style="clear: both; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; padding: 1em 0px 0px;"><h3 itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" style="color: #ff3300; font-family: "Yanone Kaffeesatz", "Segoe UI", Candara, "Bitstream Vera Sans", "DejaVu Sans", "Bitstream Vera Sans", "Trebuchet MS", Verdana, "Verdana Ref", sans-serif; font-size: 1.5em; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;">
<a class="spip_in auteurs" href="http://www.thenewfederalist.eu/_Muusa-Korhonen_" itemprop="name" rel="author" style="background: transparent; color: #874fff; font-size: 18.0018px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" title="This author's articles">Muusa Korhonen</a></h3>
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<img alt="" class="spip_logos" height="46" src="http://www.thenewfederalist.eu/local/cache-gd2/233d632810402b3d80a4112d0b43d44d.jpg" style="border: 0px solid; float: left; font-size: 12.0024px; margin: 0.35em 30px 1.5em 0px; padding: 0px;" width="45" /></div>
<div class="crayon auteur-bio-189 " itemprop="description" style="font-size: 12.0012px; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px;">
<div style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; padding: 0px;">
Member of JEF-Finland</div>
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Keywords</h2>
<ul class="liste-items" itemprop="keywords" style="font-size: 12.012px; line-height: 1.5em; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<li class="item" style="clear: both; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; padding: 1em 0px 0px;"><a href="http://www.thenewfederalist.eu/+-Multilinguisme,153-+?lang=en" rel="tag" style="background: transparent; color: #874fff; font-size: 12.0012px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;">Multilingualism</a></li>
<li class="item" style="clear: both; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; padding: 1em 0px 0px;"><a href="http://www.thenewfederalist.eu/+-Finlande-+?lang=en" rel="tag" style="background: transparent; color: #874fff; font-size: 12.0012px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;">Finland</a></li>
</ul>
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<span style="color: #555555; font-size: 18.018px; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a class="spip_out" href="http://www.jyu.fi/ktl/pisa/base.htm" rel="external" style="background: transparent; color: #874fff; font-size: 18.0198px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;"><span style="color: #555555; font-size: 18.0216px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">PISA 2003</span></a> assessment focused primarily on students’ skills in mathematics, but their skills were also tested in science, reading literacy, and problem solving. In comparison to the previous assessment in 2000, the performance level of this age group has risen in mathematics and science. In reading literacy Finland has kept its position as the leading country.</span></div>
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According to Tuula Haatainen, Finish Minister of Education, there are many reasons for this top performance of Finnish students: Finland does well in terms of educational equality, the training of teachers is well organized and it is the responsibility of communes to organize education.</div>
<div style="font-size: 1.5em; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 1em; padding: 0px;">
The aim of this article is to demonstrate the situation of foreign languages in Finland’s educational system in comparison with other European countries. Now that the <a class="spip_out" href="http://www.eu2006.fi/en_GB/" rel="external" style="background: transparent; color: #874fff; font-size: 18.018px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;"><span style="color: #555555; font-size: 18.0198px; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Finnish presidency of the EU</span></a> is on the run, it is interesting to know more about abilities in foreign languages, when it comes to a country whose language is very different from all other European languages.</div>
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Foreign-language skills in Finland</h3>
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The Finnish find that they are rather skilled in foreign languages, 77% in comparison with the European average of 44%. But what does it really mean to be skilled?</div>
<div style="font-size: 1.5em; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 1em; padding: 0px;">
Could it be related to the practices, such as subtitles on TV ? The subtitles can encourage and make it easier to learn languages, and the respondents of the Nordic countries appreciate the subtitles (93% of the Finns), so this would mean that they are used to hear different languages on TV.</div>
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It is true that Finns are good in foreign languages, for in Finland 69% of the population can speak more than one foreign language, 47% at least two languages and 23% even three foreign languages. In Finland the foreign language skills are above the European average. The fact that in Finland there are two official languages has surely influenced the language attitudes. Anyway, the mother tongue of most Finns is Finnish (92%), so the country is more homogeneous linguistically than most of the European countries.</div>
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What foreign languages are the most common in Finland? It is not a surprise that nowadays English is the most common foreign language with 63%, Swedish being in second place with its status of official language (41%), while German comes in third place with 18%, being traditionally the most popular.</div>
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Even if Finland has Russia as its neighbour, Russian is not a popular language in schools, although it is one of the languages whose popularity is growing, with Spanish and Italian as second foreign language. German is often an alternative to English as the first foreign language in schools. We could say that the fact that Finland is now an EU member, is a reason why French is been chosen, given the important role of French in the EU.</div>
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Even though today a foreign language can be taken already at age 7, it is more common to start learning it when you are 9 years old. In 2002 only 6.2% of 7-year-olds started learning a foreign language. In contrary to the other Nordic countries, the comprehensive school has given from its beginning the possibility to start another foreign language than English. The possibility to choose French, German or Russian has been there already in 1970’s.</div>
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In Finland, it has always been clear that we should have a repertoire of languages in schools and the Finns have always been rather motivated to learn languages. The objectives that are topical in Europe this time around are not something new to Finnish people. Of the Europeans, it is in Sweden (32%), in Latvia (28%) and in Finland (28%) where we can find the most active language learners of the last two years.</div>
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Some existing problems</h3>
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When it comes to the factors that can discourage language learning, it is surprising that Finland is one of the countries that are not very enthusiastic in learning a new language. In Europe, it is the lack of motivation and the lack of time that are the most usual reasons for not learning another language.</div>
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It seems that in Finland they learn Swedish a lot, though it is above all because it is a compulsory language in schools. Anyway, it seems that the Finns are not so interested in learning it. In addition, the obligation to learn Swedish makes it harder to start additional languages, for not everybody is going to start a third or a fourth language. It is true that we do acknowledge the importance of other languages; it seems that we are losing it for more and more students are learning only English and of course, Swedish.</div>
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Generally, in European countries English is most often the first foreign language taught in schools. In Finland the situation is the same. We are not used to learn some other language than English as the first foreign language. Anyhow, in Finland we really think that it would be very important to learn foreign languages so that we could better communicate with other nationalities.</div>
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In 2000, during the French presidency of EU, when many documents were sent from the France only in French, there was a problem because in Scandinavia, people had used to the documents in English.</div>
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At the same time when the status of English is getting better worldwide, we have found that French and German have an important position in Europe. Those that have French or German as their mother tongue, it is normal to suppose that their language is being used in international cooperation, when the Finns should actually know more than one foreign language.</div>
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A quick look at the past</h3>
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The commission dealing with the language programme from 1976 to 1978 had a challenge to do a proposition of reform that was based on cultural politics and on the linguistic needs. This proposition included that everybody should know some Swedish and English. It included also that 30% of the population should learn German and Russian. French was recommended to 15-20% of the population.</div>
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They proposed also that in upper secondary school students should learn two foreign languages in addition to the two official languages. It is clear that the propositions were excessive but the commission studied a number of important questions such as : <i style="font-size: 18.018px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">How many languages one should learn ? When should one start learning a language ? Which language would be the easiest for the Finns? How many hours should one study languages in a week ? Should the language be taught in a foreign language or in Finnish ? </i>And so on.</div>
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These questions have created the basis for the education of languages in Finland and some of them come to consideration even today, and even more in the 90’s when new kinds of training programs were planned, for example the IB (<a class="spip_out" href="http://www.ibo.org/" rel="external" style="background: transparent; color: #874fff; font-size: 18.018px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;"><span style="color: #555555; font-size: 18.0198px; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">International Baccalaureate</span></a>).</div>
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Anyway, it seems that Finland was one of the first countries in Europe to pose these kind of questions. Besides, the educational objectives that concern all European countries since the 1990’s have been attained in Finland 20 years before.</div>
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In the 1980’s in secondary school, the objective was that at least 35% of students would chose one optional language. The Council of State was hoping that this language would more often be French or Russian. In upper secondary school, 80% of the students studied one optional language during the 1990’s.</div>
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That was good, but there was one problem: the unbalance of choice. This is the reason why the Ministry of Education National was preparing new objectives: teaching of German, French, Russian and Spanish should augment at all the educational levels. They thought that the cultural relations demanded language knowledge and the attitudes towards the European countries would be more positives if we knew their languages.</div>
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The students were encouraged to choose another language than English as their first foreign language, but actually we have been able to notice that English is the language that the students find the most important as first foreign language. In 90’s, students studied in upper secondary school on the average 2.7 foreign languages. Of the baccalaureates, girls passed ¾ of the optional language exams.</div>
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Linguistic projects in Finland</h3>
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In Finland there are projects that try to develop and diversify the education of foreign languages and the methods used in education. One of the projects was “Kimmoke”<span class="spip_note_ref" style="font-size: 18.018px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> [<a class="spip_note" href="http://www.thenewfederalist.eu/foreign-languages-in-finland-s-educational-system#nb1" id="nh1" rel="footnote" style="background: transparent; color: #874fff; font-size: 18.0198px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" title="Kimmoke was a project designed and implemented by the Finnish National (...)">1</a>]</span> from 1996 to year 2000.</div>
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Russian is often been chosen for the regional motifs in the east of Finland, where there are commercial interests towards our eastern neighbour. When it comes to Swedish, the situation is very different in different regions so that Swedish has a strong position in the western coast of Finland, where students tend to choose Swedish as first foreign language.</div>
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In 2001 it was clear though, that all the objectives of the project Kimmoke had not been achieved. There was still not a possibility to start learning a second foreign language in all the communes. So they decided to launch another project that was based on national evaluation, called “Kieltenopetuksen kehittämishanke” that was a suite to project Kimmoke until year 2004.</div>
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The objective was to ensure the possibility to start another foreign language in elementary school and also the continuity of its education in higher levels. The project was to encourage more students to choose an optional language. This time the objectives have been reached as the popularity of a second language has grown and it has been possible to start learning a language earlier than before. There is still some imbalance, as the situation is very different from a commune to another.</div>
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The fact that we want more people to study a language other than English has lead to a situation where the classes of languages can be very small and if they are not big enough, the communes are not willing to provide the education for the marginal languages. This means that in small communes the education provided in other languages than English is very rare actually.</div>
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Conclusion</h3>
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Even though the finnish people are motivated in learning foreign languages and they have relatively good language skills, there are still things that could be better.</div>
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The problem is that we don’t get to use the languages efficiently and it is difficult to learn the needed communication skills.One aspect on this problem is that at school we do not have much exercices where we get to use the langugae orally, and it is only when we go abroad that we learn to speak the language in the every-day situations.</div>
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This is why a decision has been made that in upper secondary schools a new course will be added as it would be necessary - not only to write but also to speak a language. Until now the matriculation examination has only been about the written language skills.</div>
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Vu Thi Phuong Anhhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11263378523301439180noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-764967974780583729.post-45528711704120702422016-08-30T03:06:00.002-07:002016-08-30T03:24:45.326-07:00Vietnamese herbs, in English<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Check this link: http://vietherbs.com/<br />
<br />
Some common herbs:<br />
- Húng cay = Peppermint<br />
- Húng chanh = Cuban oregano<br />
- Húng lủi = Spearmint<br />
- Húng quế = Thai basil<br />
- Kinh giới = Vietnamese balm<br />
- Ngò (mùi) = Cilantro/ Coreander<br />
- Ngò gai (ngò tàu, mùi tàu) = Culantro/ Sawtooth herb<br />
- Tần ô = Garland chrysanthemum<br />
- Thì là = Dill<br />
- Tía tô = (Red) perilla<br />
- Rau răm = Vietnamese coreander/ Vietnamese mint or Laksa leaf<br />
- Xả = Lemon grass<br />
<br />
More here: http://www.vietworldkitchen.com/blog/vietnamese-herb-primer.html</div>
Vu Thi Phuong Anhhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11263378523301439180noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-764967974780583729.post-82581192260471531732015-09-12T13:11:00.001-07:002015-09-12T13:11:08.834-07:00English spelling rules (1): The magic "e"<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
http://www.really-learn-english.com/spelling-rules-magic-e.html<br />
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<span style="color: blue;">The
"magic" <span style="font-weight: bold;">e</span>
comes at the end of a word that ends in a single vowel and a single
consonant (for example: pine. There is a single vowel,<span style="font-weight: bold;"> i</span>, before a single
consonant, <span style="font-weight: bold;">n</span>,
and then the "magic" <span style="font-weight: bold;">e</span>).</span>
<span style="color: blue;"><br />
This <span style="font-weight: bold;">e</span>
at the end is "magic" because it changes the vowel sound. In these
words, the first vowel "says its name" (sounds like its name). And of
course, the "magic" <span style="font-weight: bold;">e</span>
changes the
meaning of the word.</span>
<span style="color: blue;"><br />
The "magic" <span style="font-weight: bold;">e</span>
itself is completely <span style="text-decoration: underline;">silent</span>.</span>
<span style="color: blue;"><br />
For example, let's look at the word <span style="font-weight: bold;">cap</span>.
</span>
<span style="color: blue;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: blue;"><img alt="a man wearing a cap" src="http://www.really-learn-english.com/image-files/pronouns-far.jpg" style="height: 250px; width: 315px;" /></span>
<span style="color: blue;"><br /></span>
</div>
<span style="color: blue;">
A <span style="font-weight: bold;">cap</span>
is a kind of hat that you wear on your head. This word is pronounced
with a <a href="http://www.really-learn-english.com/english-pronunciation-lesson-11-short-a-sound.html" target="_blank">short <span style="font-weight: bold;">a</span>
sound</a>.<br />
<br />
But what happens when we add the "magic" <span style="font-weight: bold;">e</span> at the end of the
word? Well, the meaning of the word changes, and so does its
pronunciation!<br />
<br />
So, what is a <span style="font-weight: bold;">cape</span>?<br />
<br />
</span><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: blue;"><img alt="a teacher wearing a cape" src="http://www.really-learn-english.com/image-files/facebook-super-teacher.jpg" style="height: 268px; width: 250px;" /></span>
</div>
<span style="color: blue;">
<br />
A <span style="font-weight: bold;">cape</span>
is a something superheroes wear on their backs! This word is pronounced
with a <a href="http://www.really-learn-english.com/english-pronunciation-lesson-15-long-a-sound.html" target="_blank">long <span style="font-weight: bold;">a</span>
sound</a> because of the "magic" <span style="font-weight: bold;">e</span> at the end. <br />
<br />
We say that the letter <span style="font-weight: bold;">a</span>
"says its name" because it is pronounced just the way you would name
the letter if you wanted to say its name in English.<br />
<br />
Remember that the "magic" <span style="font-weight: bold;">e</span>
is silent!<br />
<br />
This rule applies with all five vowels in English: <span style="font-weight: bold;">a</span>, <span style="font-weight: bold;">e</span>, <span style="font-weight: bold;">i</span>, <span style="font-weight: bold;">o</span>, and <span style="font-weight: bold;">u</span>.<br />
<br />
Here are some more examples with the vowel <span style="font-weight: bold;">a</span>:<br />
<br />
</span><table border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2" style="text-align: left; width: 505px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="font-weight: bold; width: 240px;"><span style="color: blue;">at</span></td>
<td style="font-weight: bold; width: 245px;"><span style="color: blue;">ate</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="font-weight: bold; width: 240px;"><span style="color: blue;">mad</span></td>
<td style="font-weight: bold; width: 245px;"><span style="color: blue;">made</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="font-weight: bold; width: 240px;"><span style="color: blue;">tap</span></td>
<td style="font-weight: bold; width: 245px;"><span style="color: blue;">tape</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="font-weight: bold; width: 240px;"><span style="color: blue;">hat</span></td>
<td style="font-weight: bold; width: 245px;"><span style="color: blue;">hate</span></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<span style="color: blue;">
<br />
All of the words in the first column have a short <span style="font-weight: bold;">a</span> sound, and all the
words in the second column have a long <span style="font-weight: bold;">a</span> sound because of
the "magic" <span style="font-weight: bold;">e</span>
at the end.<br />
<br />
Here are some examples with the vowel <span style="font-weight: bold;">e</span>:<br />
<br />
</span><table border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2" style="text-align: left; width: 505px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="font-weight: bold; width: 240px;"><span style="color: blue;">pet</span></td>
<td style="font-weight: bold; width: 245px;"><span style="color: blue;">Pete</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="font-weight: bold; width: 240px;"><span style="color: blue;">met</span></td>
<td style="font-weight: bold; width: 245px;"><span style="color: blue;">mete</span></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<span style="color: blue;">
<br />
There are not many examples with the vowel <span style="font-weight: bold;">e</span>, but the same rule
is true here. The words in the first column have a <a href="http://www.really-learn-english.com/english-pronunciation-lesson-07-short-e-sound.html" target="_blank">short <span style="font-weight: bold;">e</span>
sound</a>, and the words in the second column have a <a href="http://www.really-learn-english.com/english-pronunciation-lesson-long-e-sound.html" target="_blank">long <span style="font-weight: bold;">e</span>
sound</a>.<br />
<br />
Here are some examples with the vowel <span style="font-weight: bold;">i</span>: <br />
<br />
</span><table border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2" style="text-align: left; width: 505px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="font-weight: bold; width: 240px;"><span style="color: blue;">rid</span></td>
<td style="font-weight: bold; width: 245px;"><span style="color: blue;">ride</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="font-weight: bold; width: 240px;"><span style="color: blue;">quit</span></td>
<td style="font-weight: bold; width: 245px;"><span style="color: blue;">quite</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="font-weight: bold; width: 240px;"><span style="color: blue;">sit</span></td>
<td style="font-weight: bold; width: 245px;"><span style="color: blue;">site</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="font-weight: bold; width: 240px;"><span style="color: blue;">pin</span></td>
<td style="font-weight: bold; width: 245px;"><span style="color: blue;">pine</span></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<span style="color: blue;">
<br />
The words in the first column have a <a href="http://www.really-learn-english.com/english-pronunciation-lesson-04-short-i-sound.html" target="_blank">short<span style="font-weight: bold;">
i </span>sound</a>, but the <span style="font-weight: bold;">i</span> "says its name" in
the second column. <br />
<br />
</span><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: blue;"><img alt="a pine tree" src="http://www.really-learn-english.com/image-files/b3_tree_002.jpg" style="height: 250px; width: 176px;" /></span>
</div>
<span style="color: blue;">
<br />
Here are some examples with the vowel <span style="font-weight: bold;">o</span>: <br />
<br />
</span><table border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2" style="text-align: left; width: 505px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="font-weight: bold; width: 240px;"><span style="color: blue;">hop</span></td>
<td style="font-weight: bold; width: 245px;"><span style="color: blue;">hope</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="font-weight: bold; width: 240px;"><span style="color: blue;">cop</span></td>
<td style="font-weight: bold; width: 245px;"><span style="color: blue;">cope</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="font-weight: bold; width: 240px;"><span style="color: blue;">slop</span></td>
<td style="font-weight: bold; width: 245px;"><span style="color: blue;">slope</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="font-weight: bold; width: 240px;"><span style="color: blue;">cod</span></td>
<td style="font-weight: bold; width: 245px;"><span style="color: blue;">code</span></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<span style="color: blue;">
<br />
The words in the first column have a <a href="http://www.really-learn-english.com/english-pronunciation-lesson-16-short-o-sound.html" target="_blank">short<span style="font-weight: bold;">
o </span>sound</a>, but the <span style="font-weight: bold;">o</span> "says its name" in
the second column. These words have a <a href="http://www.really-learn-english.com/english-pronunciation-lesson-14-long-o-sound.html" target="_blank">long <span style="font-weight: bold;">o</span>
sound</a>.<br />
<br />
Finally, here are some examples with the vowel <span style="font-weight: bold;">u</span>: <br />
<br />
</span><table border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2" style="text-align: left; width: 505px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="font-weight: bold; width: 240px;"><span style="color: blue;">tub</span></td>
<td style="font-weight: bold; width: 245px;"><span style="color: blue;">tube</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="font-weight: bold; width: 240px;"><span style="color: blue;">hug</span></td>
<td style="font-weight: bold; width: 245px;"><span style="color: blue;">huge</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="font-weight: bold; width: 240px;"><span style="color: blue;">us</span></td>
<td style="font-weight: bold; width: 245px;"><span style="color: blue;">use</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="font-weight: bold; width: 240px;"><span style="color: blue;">cub</span></td>
<td style="font-weight: bold; width: 245px;"><span style="color: blue;">cube</span></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<span style="color: blue;">
<br />
The words in the first column have a <a href="http://www.really-learn-english.com/english-pronunciation-lesson-12-uh-sound.html" target="_blank">short<span style="font-weight: bold;">
u </span>sound</a>, but the <span style="font-weight: bold;">u</span> "says its name" in
the second column. <br />
<br />
</span><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: blue;"><img alt="a cup of coffee with sugar cubes" src="http://www.really-learn-english.com/image-files/uncount-cubes-sugar.png" style="height: 157px; width: 250px;" /><a href="http://www.really-learn-english.com/english-pronunciation-lesson-14-long-o-sound.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span></a></span>
</div>
<span style="color: blue;">
<br />
You can ask someone how many <span style="font-weight: bold;">cubes</span>
of sugar they like in their tea.<br />
<br />
But you can be sure they do not want any <span style="font-weight: bold;">cubs</span>, baby bears, in
their tea!<br />
<br />
</span><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: blue;"><img alt="a baby bear" src="http://www.really-learn-english.com/image-files/bear_and_gift_box.png" style="height: 192px; width: 200px;" /></span>
</div>
<span style="color: blue;">
<br />
There
are a few common exceptions to this rule, like the words "have,"
"come," or "love." But in general, the rules discussed above will apply.<br />
<br />
</span><h2>
<span style="color: blue;">Review</span></h2>
<span style="color: blue;">
So, let's review what we have learned about the "magic" <span style="font-weight: bold;">e</span> in English:<br />
</span><ol>
<li><span style="color: blue;">The "magic" <span style="font-weight: bold;">e</span>
itself is completely <span style="text-decoration: underline;">silent</span>.</span>
<span style="color: blue;"><br /></span>
</li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">The "magic" <span style="font-weight: bold;">e</span>
comes at the end of words that end in a single vowel and a single
consonant.</span>
<span style="color: blue;"><br /></span>
</li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">The "magic" <span style="font-weight: bold;">e</span>
makes the single vowel before it "say its name."</span></li>
</ol>
<br /></div>
Vu Thi Phuong Anhhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11263378523301439180noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-764967974780583729.post-67317321851596713602015-05-28T17:56:00.000-07:002015-05-28T17:59:29.186-07:003 myths about learning any language (Steve Kaufmann)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<h1 style="color: #27a6f6; font: 24px/36px Arial,sans-serif; margin: 0;">
Don't Believe The Hype</h1>
<br />
<div style="color: #555555; font: 16px/28px Arial,sans-serif;">
There are many myths when it comes to learning languages, which tend to
ruin the experience and pleasure of it. I recently shared notes with
influential linguist, Stephen Krashen, and want to share some of his
wisdom with you. <br />
<br />
I will also tell you what the three biggest myths of language learning are, and what happens when you stop believing them. <br />
<br />
You can watch the video here: <a href="http://mailer.lingq.com/redirects/1432858284-fd3d9b8c49153b8bfc85ae14b73dda01-5e73287?pa=30624683259" target="_blank">The 3 main myths about learning any language</a>
<br />
<br />
<a href="http://mailer.lingq.com/redirects/1432858284-8545e8f2ea6f6267cf2e6325b5f9ceb3-5e73287?pa=30624683259" target="_blank">Here's a pre-filled tweet</a> so you can share my video with others.<br />
<br />
Thank you,<br />
Steve Kaufmann</div>
<div style="color: #555555; font: 16px/28px Arial,sans-serif;">
------------------</div>
<h1 class="entry-title">
<span style="color: blue;">Three Myths About Language Learning</span></h1>
<span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;">This is a transcript of one of my YouTube Videos – To keep up with my latest thoughts on language learning, subscribe to my <a href="https://www.youtube.com/user/lingosteve" target="_blank" title="Steve Kaufmann on YouTube">YouTube Channel</a>.</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;">Hi there, Steve Kaufmann here. Today I want to talk about what I
consider to be the three myths about language learning – the biggest
myths. That…</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">
</span><ol>
<li><span style="color: blue;">You have to practice speaking and focus on grammar.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">You have to go to school.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">It’s difficult.</span></li>
</ol>
<span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;">I’m going to do this with reference to some information that I got from Stephen Krashen.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;">I’m still excited about having had lunch with Stephen Krashen in
Riverside, California last week. At that time, he gave me a paper which
is called ‘Can Second Language Acquired Reach High Levels of Proficiency
through Self-Selected Reading.’ In this paper, he confirms that the
more we read, the better we learn and the higher our score on tests like
TOEIC. There is research to show how many hours of reading will give
you what result on TOEIC and I’m going to analyze this in more detail in
a blog post at my blog.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;">In doing research for this, because this paper was produced by
Stephen Krashen and Beniko Mason, who is an English teacher in Japan, I
also Googled Beniko Mason and here there was a very interesting paper
called ‘Self-Selected Pleasure Reading and Story Listening for Foreign
Language Classroom’.</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">
</span><h2>
<span style="color: blue;">Myths About Language Learning</span></h2>
<span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;">Both these papers stress the basic fact that in order to acquire a
language, more than anything else, you need to read and it identifies
how much you need to read and, of course, listening is also powerful. I
happen to be a great fan of listening because it helps prepare me to
speak and because it’s something I can do while doing other tasks, but I
know that I need a lot of reading in order to acquire vocabulary.</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;">There are a number of gems in both of these articles about how at the
early stages most learners of language never get past the beginner or
early intermediate stage. So whether those people speak absolutely
correctly, whether we hound them on points of grammar, in any case, it’s
going to take a lot of exposure and practice before it’s going to click
in. Maybe the main thing is to get those people to where they can
communicate a little bit without worrying about how correctly they
speak. That’s just one example, there are many more.</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">
</span><h2>
<span style="color: blue;">Read And Listen</span></h2>
<span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;">This is so fundamental, so important, read and listen. Therefore, you
don’t need to be instructed, you don’t need to be corrected. Once you
get to an intermediate level, the other goal of language teaching should
be to make you an autonomous independent learner. So once you reach
that intermediate level through lots of reading and listening, you will
more and more correct yourself or you’ll seek out some grammar
explanations. Wherever you feel there are gaps or mistakes that you keep
making, you’ll start to notice those, if you are an autonomous and
motivated learner. To get to that stage, rather than overwhelming you
with rules, if we can get people to choose things of interest, stories,
whatever they’re interested in, to read and listen.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;">I know I sound like a bit of a broken record, but it’s so
overwhelmingly true. Not everybody likes to read when they don’t know
the words and, basically, that’s what’s behind LingQ. I was the same
way. I had all kinds of books in different languages, there were too
many words that I didn’t know, I didn’t like looking them up in a
dictionary, therefore, we developed LingQ as sort of an assist, but the
fundamental activity is reading and listening. That will get you to
where you have a sufficient base in the language so you can then work on
the areas you’re weak in, including pronunciation. At least you have a
feel for the language, you have some vocabulary and you’re not
discouraged.</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">
</span><h2>
<span style="color: blue;">Motivation Is All You Need</span></h2>
<span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;">Again, the three major mistakes that people make are they think they
need lots of instruction. They’ve got to worry about grammar. They’ve
got to worry about output. Not true. Second of all, they need to go to a
classroom. They don’t. It can help if you don’t have the motivation,
but it’s not necessary. The third thing is that it’s complicated. It’s
not complicated. It requires time and motivation.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;">So there you go. I kind of say the same thing over and over again,
but it’s so important and so few people really grasp it. So for further
information, please visit my blog. I’ll be putting a post up there
within the next week or so.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;">Thanks for listening, bye for now.</span></div>
Vu Thi Phuong Anhhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11263378523301439180noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-764967974780583729.post-9791823631722687902015-05-15T09:45:00.003-07:002015-05-15T09:45:47.512-07:0015 tricks to get adult learners talking<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<a href="http://busyteacher.org/7370-15-tricks-get-adult-learners-talking.html">http://busyteacher.org/7370-15-tricks-get-adult-learners-talking.html</a><br />
<br />
<span id="ehowcont" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Article" style="width: auto;"><span itemprop="description"><span itemprop="articleBody"></span></span></span><br />
<h2 class="h2v1">
<span></span></h2>
<ol>
<li>
<div class="stepnum">
<span style="color: blue;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;"><strong>Distribute Questions</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;">This is a very simple method. After a reading exercise, one will
generally ask students about the text at hand. Sometimes it can be
tempting to ask everyone generally, but a great way to get specific
people to speak (particularly those who are quite shy) is to single them
out and ask the question. This might seem simple, but it is something
many teachers forget.</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">
</span></li>
<li>
<div class="stepnum">
<span style="color: blue;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="color: blue;"><strong>Role Plays</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">It cannot be stated enough how important a <a data-original-title="10 Fresh Roleplay Ideas for General English" href="http://busyteacher.org/7371-10-roleplay-ideas-for-general-english.html" title="">role play</a>
is within the world of language teaching. Practical language use is
practised within these exercises, and therefore it will allow the
students to use what they know in a more creative manner. These can
generally be quite a lot of fun.</span><br />
</li>
<li>
<div class="stepnum">
<span style="color: blue;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="color: blue;"><strong>Find An Interesting Topic</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">Getting a topic which is somewhat <a data-original-title="Pro et Contra: 20 Stages of Teaching Controversial Topics" href="http://busyteacher.org/6212-pro-contra-how-to-teach-controversial-topics.html" title="">controversial</a> might do well to <a data-original-title="Essential Tips for Conducting a Class Debate" href="http://busyteacher.org/7245-conducting-class-debate-essential-tips.html" title="">stimulate debate in the classroom</a>.
An example would be if one were speaking about, say, immigration, some
people might be interested in speaking their mind about this particular
topic. Be careful, however, as sometimes one might touch on a sore or
sensitive point to monitor what kind of materials are used in class.</span><br />
</li>
<li>
<div class="stepnum">
<span style="color: blue;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="color: blue;"><strong>Ask Them About Themselves</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><strong>Everybody enjoys speaking about themselves</strong>. If one is teaching a <a data-original-title="Business English Lessons: Successful Activities" href="http://busyteacher.org/3390-business-english-lessons-successful-activities.html" title="">business class</a>, then this will undoubtedly be a great opportunity to inquire as to what <a data-original-title="Jobs and professions: ESL worksheets" href="http://busyteacher.org/classroom_activities-vocabulary/jobs_and_professions-worksheets/" title="">job</a>
everybody does. Maybe you could go around the room and question
everybody in turn about their role and responsibilities. Since people
enjoy speaking about themselves in general, you will get a lot more
conversation from them this way.</span><br />
</li>
<li>
<div class="stepnum">
<span style="color: blue;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="color: blue;"><strong>Encourage Them to Ask Questions</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">Try and encourage students to ask questions about various topics themselves. For example, one might say, “<em>And why do you think Sonia did this..?</em>”
Usually directing it at a person will help. Ask them why they think a
particular verb form is correct, and instil in the students that asking
questions will lead to better proficiency within the language.</span><br />
</li>
<li>
<div class="stepnum">
<span style="color: blue;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="color: blue;"><strong>Teaching Pronunciation</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">Sometimes, depending on where you are teaching, students may not be
pronouncing certain words in a correct manner. Different languages have
different phonetics, therefore one needs to be sure that the students
can speak in a way that is as close as possible to that of a native
speaker. <a data-original-title="Pronunciation worksheets" href="http://busyteacher.org/classroom_activities-pronunciation-worksheets/" title="">Pronunciation classes</a> can also be a lot of fun.</span><br />
</li>
<li>
<div class="stepnum">
<span style="color: blue;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="color: blue;"><strong>Debates</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">Holding a <a data-original-title="Mini-Debate on Topic" href="http://busyteacher.org/5900-mini-debate-on-topic.html" title="">debate</a>
in class is a great way of getting the students to talk a bit more.
Sometimes the topics can become somewhat heated, and this will encourage
them to use their newly acquired skills more creatively.</span><br />
</li>
<li>
<div class="stepnum">
<span style="color: blue;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="color: blue;"><strong>News Story</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">Similar in the way to a debate, discussion over a particular topic of <a data-original-title="How to Teach Current Events to ESL Students" href="http://busyteacher.org/4964-how-to-teach-current-events-to-esl-students.html" title="">current news</a> will allow students to express their views. This may not work for all students, of course, so it is important to ask them.</span><br />
</li>
<li>
<div class="stepnum">
<span style="color: blue;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="color: blue;"><strong>Turn to Your Neighbour</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">Probably one of the oldest methods. Students who split up into pairs
find that they are obliged to talk. In order to ensure this, keep
walking around the class until the end of the exercise and make sure
that everyone is speaking.</span><br />
</li>
<li>
<div class="stepnum">
<span style="color: blue;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="color: blue;"><strong>Take a Class Poll</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">Ask a question about a particular topic and take a poll. An example could be, “<em>Should the government fund student tuition?</em>” Students can then air their views and <a data-original-title="10 Keys To Promoting Class Discussion" href="http://busyteacher.org/5963-10-keys-to-promoting-class-discussion.html" title="">discuss them</a>.</span><br />
</li>
<li>
<div class="stepnum">
<span style="color: blue;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="color: blue;"><strong>Eye Contact</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">If a student is particularly stubborn, a good idea would be to <strong>keep eye contact until they say something</strong>. This usually makes them feel uncomfortable and that they are obliged to speak. It works wonders for most students.</span><br />
</li>
<li>
<div class="stepnum">
<span style="color: blue;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="color: blue;"><strong>Name Saying</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">When asking questions, for example about a text, be sure to <strong>say the name of a particular student</strong>. This way they will know that you are addressing them and will have to reply accordingly. Do this on students who happen to be <a data-original-title="Speak Up! Sure-fire Ways to Help Teens and Adults Overcome Shyness" href="http://busyteacher.org/4276-speak-up-sure-fire-ways-to-help-teens-and-adults.html" title="">shy</a> and don’t speak much in class. It will give them an opportunity to speak which they can’t refuse.</span><br />
</li>
<li>
<div class="stepnum">
<span style="color: blue;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="color: blue;"><strong>What Do You Think..?</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">Similar to the previous one, every now and then stop when reading an article if an important issue is raised and <strong>ask the students’ opinions</strong> on it.</span><br />
</li>
<li>
<div class="stepnum">
<span style="color: blue;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="color: blue;"><strong>Explain to Me…</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">Trying to get the student to explain a particular topic you have just
explained will set the wheels in their head in motion. Of course, one
can help them along, but it is important to make sure that the student
does most of the talk.</span><br />
</li>
<li>
<div class="stepnum">
<span style="color: blue;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="color: blue;"><strong>Summarise.</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">Finally, a really good way is to <strong>get the students to summarise a particular topic in their own words</strong>. This may be a challenge for beginners, but overall is can help in their practise of speaking.</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">
</span></li>
</ol>
<span style="color: blue;"><br /></span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><br /></span>
<br /></div>
Vu Thi Phuong Anhhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11263378523301439180noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-764967974780583729.post-82493846071235696362015-05-09T21:00:00.004-07:002015-05-09T21:00:54.022-07:00Useful websites for improving your listening skills in English <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<a href="http://www.hotcourses.vn/study-abroad-info/study-guides/nhung-website-huu-ich-de-luyen-ki-nang-nghe-listening/">http://www.hotcourses.vn/study-abroad-info/study-guides/nhung-website-huu-ich-de-luyen-ki-nang-nghe-listening/</a><br />
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<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: blue;">Những website hữu ích để luyện kĩ năng nghe (Listening) </span></h3>
<article>
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<span style="color: blue;"><img alt="listening english" class=" lazy-loaded" src="http://images3.content-hca.com/commimg/myhotcourses/blog/post/myhc_45253.jpg" /></span>
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<div class="tm_dtl ad_mbtm">
<span style="color: blue;"><a href="http://www.hotcourses.vn/author/2651375/trang-ami/" rel="author"> Trang Ami </a></span>
</div>
<div class="tm_dtl ad_mbtm1">
<span style="color: blue;"><time datetime="2015-05-09">9 Tháng Năm 2015</time></span>
</div>
<div class="tm_dtl vw">
<span style="color: blue;"><span class="caps">9583</span></span>
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<div class="mb20 mb_none ab_aln art_solk">
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<span style="color: blue;"><a class="addthis_button_facebook at300b" href="http://www.hotcourses.vn/study-abroad-info/study-guides/nhung-website-huu-ich-de-luyen-ki-nang-nghe-listening/#" title="Facebook"><span class="at4-icon aticon-facebook" style="background-color: #305891;"><span class="at_a11y">Share on facebook</span></span></a>
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</span><h2 style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: 18px;"><span style="font-family: times new roman,times,serif;"><strong>Một số website và đánh giá ưu/nhược của từng trang để giúp bạn rèn luyện kĩ năng nghe tiếng Anh hiệu quả.</strong></span></span></span></h2>
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<span style="color: blue;">
</span><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-family: times new roman,times,serif;">>> <a href="http://www.hotcourses.vn/study-abroad-info/choosing-a-university/tong-hop-kinh-nghiem-luyen-thi-4-ky-nang-ielts/" target="_blank">Tổng hợp kinh nghiệm luyện thi 4 kĩ năng IELTS</a></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;">
</span><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-family: times new roman,times,serif;">>> <a href="http://www.hotcourses.vn/study-abroad-info/choosing-a-university/chia-se-kinh-nghiem-tu-luyen-4-ky-nang-ielt-dat-75/" target="_blank">Kinh nghiệm tự luyện 4 kĩ năng IELTS đạt 7.5</a></span></span></span></div>
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</span><h2 style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: 18px;"><span style="font-family: times new roman,times,serif;"><strong>Esl-lab, vừa nghe vừa làm trắc nghiệm</strong></span></span></span></h2>
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</span><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-family: times new roman,times,serif;"><a href="http://www.esl-lab.com/" target="_blank">Esl-lab</a>
là trang tổng hợp các bài nghe và bài trắc nghiệm cho những bạn đang
muốn luyện và kiểm tra kĩ năng nghe của mình. Các bài nghe được chia
theo cấp độ Dễ - Trung bình - Khó cũng như theo các vấn đề đời sống/học
thuật nên rất dễ dàng tìm bài phù hợp với trình độ và sở thích của bạn.</span></span></span></div>
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</span><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-family: times new roman,times,serif;">Hay nhất là dưới mỗi bài nghe còn có phần hướng dẫn ngữ pháp, đề xuất các đề tài thảo luận…</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;">
</span><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-family: times new roman,times,serif;">Tuy
nhiên, lưu ý là bạn cũng không nên chỉ chú tâm vào những đề tài yêu
thích, vì các kì thi tiếng Anh sẽ xoay quanh nhiều đề tài khác nhau (và
có thể có những vấn đề mà bạn không thích)!</span></span></span></div>
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</span><h2 style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: 18px;"><span style="font-family: times new roman,times,serif;"><strong>Trainyouraccent,</strong><strong> kho tiếng Anh đa chất giọng</strong></span></span></span></h2>
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<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-family: times new roman,times,serif;">Khi
đi du học rồi, bạn sẽ nhận ra rằng bất cứ ai cũng có chất giọng riêng
khi nói tiếng Anh. Từ giọng Ấn của bác tài đến giọng Malaysia của anh
bạn cùng nhóm, giọng trên đài phát thanh hay thậm chí là giọng của anh
bạn bản xứ nhưng đến từ một địa phương khác.</span></span></span></div>
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</span><div style="text-align: justify;">
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<span style="color: blue;">
</span><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-family: times new roman,times,serif;">Thế
nên, thực hành nghe nhiều giọng khác nhau trước khi lên đường sẽ giúp
bạn hòa nhập dễ dàng hơn, cũng là một cách để tự nhìn nhận lại về những
điểm cần lưu ý trong chính giọng-nói-tiếng-Anh của mình để sửa đổi, nếu
cần thiết.</span></span></span></div>
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</span><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-family: times new roman,times,serif;">Tại trang <a href="http://www.trainyouraccent.com/" target="_blank">trainyouraccent</a>,
bạn sẽ được luyện cả về kĩ năng nghe lẫn việc thực hành phát âm, dựa
trên những đề tài cụ thể trong đời sống. Các chủ đề có thể tìm thấy rất
đa dạng, từ nấu nướng đến công việc làm thêm, cuộc sống gia đình, trường
học…</span></span></span></div>
<span style="color: blue;">
</span><div style="text-align: justify;">
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<span style="color: blue;">
</span><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-family: times new roman,times,serif;">Bên
cạnh đó, dưới mỗi bài nghe sẽ có các câu hỏi liên quan để thảo luận.
Chẳng hạn, dưới bài nghe về đề tài nhà hàng, bạn sẽ được yêu cầu miêu tả
một nhà hàng mà bạn yêu thích nhất, giải thích tại sao bạn thích ăn ở
đó hay tìm các bài nhận xét trên Internet về một nhà hàng ngay trong khu
mà bạn ở và cung cấp những thông tin tìm được với bạn bè trong nhóm.</span></span></span></div>
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</span><div style="text-align: justify;">
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</span><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-family: times new roman,times,serif;">Tóm
lại, đây là một trang sở hữu rất nhiều bài nghe thú vị, được thực hiện
với nhiều nhân vật đến từ các nước mà tiếng Anh không phải là ngôn ngữ
mẹ đẻ.</span></span></span></div>
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</span><div style="text-align: justify;">
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<span style="color: blue;">
</span><div style="text-align: justify;">
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<span style="color: blue;">
</span><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-family: times new roman,times,serif;">>> <a href="http://www.hotcourses.vn/blog/language/luyen-tieng-anh-voi-bbc-learning-english/" target="_blank">Luyện tiếng Anh với BBC Learning English </a></span></span></span></div>
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</span><div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<span style="color: blue;">
</span><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-family: times new roman,times,serif;">>> <a href="http://www.hotcourses.vn/blog/student-life/luyen-ngoai-ngu-qua-cac-bai-noi-ted/" target="_blank">Luyện ngoại ngữ với các bài nói TED</a></span></span></span></div>
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</span><h2 style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: 18px;"><span style="font-family: times new roman,times,serif;"><strong>Elllo, thư viện nghe trực tuyến</strong></span></span></span></h2>
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</span><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-family: times new roman,times,serif;"><a href="http://www.elllo.org/" target="_blank">Elllo</a> có thể xem là một thư viện điện tử với hơn 2000 bài nghe được đăng tải trên trang web.</span></span></span></div>
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</span><div style="text-align: justify;">
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<span style="color: blue;">
</span><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-family: times new roman,times,serif;">Ở
mỗi mục lại có một hoạt động khác nhau. Ở mục “View”, mỗi bài nghe đều
cho phép bạn học thêm từ mới, trả lời câu hỏi trắc nghiệm và tải bài
nghe về máy. Tuy nhiên, những bài nghe ở mục này sẽ không có đoạn văn đi
kèm để đảm bảo bạn không “ngó nghiêng” trong lúc nghe. Mục “Videos” lại
tập trung vào những đề tài, câu hỏi chuyên sâu hơn, và cũng bao gồm các
câu hỏi trắc nghiệm để giúp bạn phát triển kĩ năng đọc hiểu…</span></span></span></div>
<span style="color: blue;">
</span><div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<span style="color: blue;">
</span><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-family: times new roman,times,serif;">Điểm
cộng của trang này là sự phong phú của đề tài: từ bí quyết đi tham quan
New York, âm nhạc Colombia, cuộc sống ở Nhật đến chủ đề kinh tế hay lễ
hội.</span></span></span></div>
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</span><div style="text-align: justify;">
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</span><div style="text-align: justify;">
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</span><h2 style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: 18px;"><span style="font-family: times new roman,times,serif;"><strong>Eslfast, vừa luyện nghe vừa học hỏi về văn hóa, nhân vật </strong></span></span></span></h2>
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</span><div style="text-align: justify;">
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<span style="color: blue;">
</span><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-family: times new roman,times,serif;">Nếu bạn là người mê văn hóa Mỹ thì chắc chắn không nên bỏ qua mục <a href="http://www.eslfast.com/people/index.htm" target="_blank">100 bài nghe/ đoạn văn nhỏ, nói về 100 nhân vật người Mỹ mà bạn nên biết</a>.
Những bài nghe này không quá dài, được đăng tải kèm văn bản nên sẽ giúp
bạn vừa luyện nghe lẫn đọc hiểu. Những thông tin trong mục này cũng rất
hữu ích để cho kiến thức phổ thông của bạn. Biết đâu đấy, chúng sẽ đem
lại những ý tưởng hay ho cho bạn, ở phần thi viết!</span></span></span></div>
<span style="color: blue;">
</span><div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<span style="color: blue;">
</span><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-family: times new roman,times,serif;">Trong
trường hợp bạn thích nghe hội thoại về các vấn đề mà cuộc sống du học
có thể gặp phải (đi thư viện, thuê nhà, đổi trường, mua sắm, du lịch)
thì “<a href="http://www.eslfast.com/robot/" target="_blank">Robot</a>” là mục nên ghé, tuy nhiên các bài hội thoại này rất ngắn và dễ nên sẽ phù hợp hơn với người mới bắt đầu.</span></span></span></div>
<span style="color: blue;">
</span><div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<span style="color: blue;">
</span><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-family: times new roman,times,serif;">Nếu muốn nghe các bài đọc dài hơn, có nhiều từ vựng khó hơn thì <a href="http://www.eslfast.com/eslread" target="_blank">Eslread</a> là mục dành cho bạn.</span></span></span></div>
<span style="color: blue;">
</span><div style="text-align: justify;">
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<span style="color: blue;">
</span><div style="text-align: justify;">
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<span style="color: blue;">
</span><h2 style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: 18px;"><span style="font-family: times new roman,times,serif;"><strong>Mỗi tuần một bài báo với EnglishClub</strong></span></span></span></h2>
<span style="color: blue;">
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<br /></div>
<span style="color: blue;">
</span><div style="text-align: justify;">
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<span style="color: blue;">
</span><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-family: times new roman,times,serif;">Vào
mỗi thứ ba, trang English Club sẽ đăng một đoạn audio tổng hợp về một
vấn đề đương thời nào đó (bài gần nhất, đăng ngày 28/4/2015 nói về trận
động đất ở Nepal). Những đoạn nghe này được liệt vào mức độ dễ.</span></span></span></div>
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</span><div style="text-align: justify;">
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<span style="color: blue;">
</span><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-family: times new roman,times,serif;">Điều
thú vị là bạn sẽ được vừa nghe vừa điền từ còn thiếu, trả lời các câu
hỏi nghe hiểu bằng cách gõ câu trả lời hoàn chỉnh và thảo luận về những
câu hỏi liên quan.</span></span></span></div>
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</span><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-family: times new roman,times,serif;">Trước
khi nghe, bạn cũng sẽ được làm quen với những từ vựng liên quan đến nội
dung của bài. Trong trường hợp bạn biết mình đang thiếu từ vựng về một
đề tài cụ thể, hãy vào ngay mục <a href="https://edition.englishclub.com/listening-news/" target="_blank">Listening News của English Club</a> và chọn lựa trong vô vàn các bài điểm báo hay.</span></span></span></div>
<span style="color: blue;">
</span><h2 style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"> </span></h2>
<span style="color: blue;">
</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">
</span><h2 style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: 18px;"><span style="font-family: times new roman,times,serif;"><strong>Các hãng truyền hình, kênh radio quốc tế</strong></span></span></span></h2>
<span style="color: blue;">
</span><div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<span style="color: blue;">
</span><div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<span style="color: blue;">
</span><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-family: times new roman,times,serif;">Khi
trao đổi với những nhân vật có điểm IELTS Listening cao, Hotcourses
luôn được chia sẻ kinh nghiệm “nghe đài, tivi”. Theo họ, nghe đài không
chỉ giúp bạn có được thông tin mang tính thời sự, đề tài đa dạng, kiến
thức phổ thông hữu ích mà quan trọng là không bị hạn chế về trình độ.</span></span></span></div>
<span style="color: blue;">
</span><div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<span style="color: blue;">
</span><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-family: times new roman,times,serif;">Khi
vào những trang luyện thi hay được “gọt giũa” cho đối tượng sinh viên
nước ngoài, các bài nghe thường cũng dễ hơn, sử dụng nhiều từ vựng đơn
giản hơn. Trong khi đó, các bản tin của đài truyền hình, truyền thông
quốc tế lại không giới hạn vào đối tượng này mà dành cho cả những người
bản xứ, nên dĩ nhiên cũng khó hơn cho bạn. Nhưng học tiếng Anh là phải
vậy, bạn đâu thể giỏi hơn lên nếu chỉ quanh quẩn “Hello – How are you –
I’m fine, thank you, and you?” phải không?</span></span></span></div>
<span style="color: blue;">
</span><div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<span style="color: blue;">
</span><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-family: times new roman,times,serif;">Một số trang mà bạn nên theo dõi:</span></span></span></div>
<span style="color: blue;">
</span><ul>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-family: times new roman,times,serif;"><a href="http://www.radioaustralia.net.au/international/" target="_blank">ABC Radio Australia</a></span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-family: times new roman,times,serif;"><a href="http://www.english.rfi.fr/" target="_blank">RFI English</a></span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-family: times new roman,times,serif;"><a href="http://rt.com/" target="_blank">Russia Today</a></span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-family: times new roman,times,serif;"><a href="http://www.bbc.com/news/world/" target="_blank">BBC World Service</a></span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-family: times new roman,times,serif;"><a href="http://www.aljazeera.com/" target="_blank">Al Jazeera</a></span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-family: times new roman,times,serif;"><a href="http://learningenglish.voanews.com/" target="_blank">VOA Learning English</a></span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-family: times new roman,times,serif;"><a href="http://www.presstv.ir/" target="_blank">Press TV</a></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<br />
<span style="color: blue;"><br /></span>
<br /></div>
Vu Thi Phuong Anhhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11263378523301439180noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-764967974780583729.post-64985111034300111982015-01-21T06:08:00.000-08:002015-01-21T06:08:49.090-08:00Watch a film, learn some English: Love at the first hiccup<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
You can watch it here. Turn the English subtitles on, if needs be.<br />
<br />
<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?x-yt-cl=84359240&x-yt-ts=1421782837&v=3j7NKePFZ2M#t=1399">https://www.youtube.com/watch?x-yt-cl=84359240&x-yt-ts=1421782837&v=3j7NKePFZ2M#t=1399</a><br />
<br />
<h1 class="header">
Plot Summary</h1>
<div class="header">
<ul class="zebraList"><div class="header">
<div class="nav">
<div class="desc">
Showing all 2 plot summaries</div>
</div>
</div>
<li class="odd">
<div class="plotSummary">
LOVE AT FIRST HICCUP is a charming, innocent, and intelligent romantic
comedy about the freshman Victor who has contracted a case of Anya-itis
(acute and incurable love-passion for high school senior Anya). And why
shouldn't he? She is beautiful and popular. Rich but incredibly sweet
with a rare innocence. In other words: Way out of Victor's league.
Unfortunately Anya also dates a rich guy, Peter, who drives a fancy
lotus and has a stuffed Gucci wallet. However chance meetings riddled
with awkward hiccups soon makes sparks fly between Anya and Victor.
Maybe Victor's shy and goofy charm can beat out Peters arrogance?
</div>
<span class="nobr">- <em>Written by
<a href="http://www.imdb.com/search/title?plot_author=Regner+Grasten&view=simple&sort=alpha&ref_=ttpl_pl_1">Regner Grasten</a></em></span> </li>
<li class="even">
<div class="plotSummary">
A high school romantic comedy about freshman Victor who has contracted a
case of Anya-itis, (acute and incurable love passion for high school
senior Anja.) And why shouldn't he? </div>
<span class="nobr">- <em>Written by
<a href="http://www.imdb.com/search/title?plot_author=Anonymous&view=simple&sort=alpha&ref_=ttpl_pl_2">Anonymous</a> </em></span></li>
<li class="even"><a href="http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1307065/plotsummary" target="_blank"><span class="nobr"><em>http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1307065/plotsummary </em></span></a> </li>
</ul>
<h4 class="dataHeaderWithBorder">
Synopsis</h4>
<div class="list" id="no_content">
<div class="soda even">
It looks like we don't have any Synopsis for this title yet.
Be the first to contribute! Just click the "Edit page" button at the bottom of the page
or learn more in the
<a href="http://www.imdb.com/swiki/special?SynopsisHelp">Synopsis submission guide</a>. <br />
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
Vu Thi Phuong Anhhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11263378523301439180noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-764967974780583729.post-12894017940889775502015-01-21T04:56:00.000-08:002015-01-21T20:23:30.809-08:00Free English learning resources: Learners' TV and others<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Go to this web address to watch free English videos: <a href="http://www.learnerstv.com/Free-Language-Video-lectures-ltv213-Page1.htm">http://www.learnerstv.com/Free-Language-Video-lectures-ltv213-Page1.htm</a><br />
<br />
And the links below also lead you to very useful and interesting sites:<br />
<br />
1. Two minutes English: Learn English two minutes at a time<br />
<a href="http://twominenglish.com/" target="_blank">http://twominenglish.com/</a><br />
<br />
2. Link English Park: Lots and lots of resources of all kinds. There are also full movies with subtitles.<br />
<a href="http://linkengpark.com/" target="_blank">http://linkengpark.com/ </a><br />
<br />
3. The English Student: Heaps of English learning resources, from grammar to vocabulary to culture to idioms. You'll love it!<br />
<a href="http://www.theenglishstudent.com/">http://www.theenglishstudent.com/</a></div>
Vu Thi Phuong Anhhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11263378523301439180noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-764967974780583729.post-23824655680618699582015-01-19T05:02:00.001-08:002015-01-19T05:02:16.389-08:00Free download: Thành ngữ - Tục ngữ - Ca dao Việt-Anh thông dụng <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
You can get it from here: <a href="http://www.slideshare.net/nguyenvantai1420354/viet-anh-tuyen-tap-thanh-ngu-tuc-ngu-ca-dao-43422738">http://www.slideshare.net/nguyenvantai1420354/viet-anh-tuyen-tap-thanh-ngu-tuc-ngu-ca-dao-43422738</a></div>
Vu Thi Phuong Anhhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11263378523301439180noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-764967974780583729.post-26534600081008616762015-01-19T04:54:00.000-08:002015-01-19T04:54:28.803-08:00More proverbs and idioms<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<a href="http://www.vn-zoom.com/f58/english-_-vietnamese-idiom-collection-29876.html"><span style="color: blue;">http://www.vn-zoom.com/f58/english-_-vietnamese-idiom-collection-29876.html</span></a><br />
<span style="color: blue;">------------------</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">1. Live not to eat, but eat to live<br />
>>> Sống không phải để ăn nhưng ăn để sống</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
2. The longest day must have an end<br />
>>> Ngày dài nhất cũng phải qua đi</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
3. Make the best of a bad job<br />
>>> Phải biết chấp nhận hoàn cảnh</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
4. A man can only die once<br />
>>> Ai cũng phải chết một lần</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
5. Marriage are made in Heaven<br />
>>> Hôn nhân là do trời định</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
6. Men are blind in their own cause<br />
>>> Con người mù quáng vì niềm tin của mình</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
7. Men make houses, Women make home<br />
>>> Đàn ông xây nhà, Đàn bà xây tổ ấm</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
8. Might is right<br />
>>> Lẽ phải thuộc về kẻ mạnh</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
9. Money talks<br />
>>> Đồng tiền biết nói</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
10. Necessity is the mother of invention<br />
>>> Cái khó ló cái khôn</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
11. Barking dogs seldom bite<br />
>>> Sủa ít khi cắn</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
12. The beaten road is safest<br />
>>> Con đường quen thuộc là con đường an toàn nhất</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
13. Beauty is in the eyes of the beholder<br />
>>> Vẻ đẹp nằm trong con mắt người ngắm</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
14. Better late than never<br />
>>> Thà muộn còn hơn không</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
15. Blood is thicker than water<br />
>>> Một giọt máu đào hơn ao nước lã</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
16. Book and friend should be few but good<br />
>>> Sách vở và bạn bè, cần ít thôi nhưng phải tốt</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
17. Brevity is the soul of wit<br />
>>> Sự ngắn gọn là tinh hoa của trí tuệ</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
18. The best is enemy of the good<br />
>>> Cầu toàn đâm ra hỏng việc</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
19. Everybody's bussiness is nobody's bussiness<br />
>>> Cha chung không ai khóc</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
20. Too many cooks spoil the broth<br />
>>> Lắm thầy thối ma</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
21. Cut your coat according to your cloth<br />
>>> Liệu cơm gắp mắm</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
22. Bad news have wings<br />
>>> Tiếng lành đồn gần, tiếng dữ đồn xa</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
23. To swim with the tide<br />
>>> Gió chiều nào che chiều ấy</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
24. It takes all sorts to make a world<br />
>>> Của năm bảy loại, người năm bảy loài</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
25. Ill gotten, ill spent<br />
>>> Của thiên trả địa</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
26. You can't make an omelette without breaking eggs<br />
>>> Muốn ăn phải lăn vào bếp</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
27. As you brew, so you must drink<br />
>>> Bụng làm dạ chịu</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
28. Diamond cut diamond<br />
>>> Kẻ cắp gặp bà gìa</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
29. Home is home, be it ever so homely<br />
>>> Ta về ta tắm ao ta</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
30. A clean fast is better than a dirty breakfast<br />
>>> Đói cho sạch rách cho thơm</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
31. Don't let the grass grow under your feet<br />
>>> Đừng để nước đến chân mới nhảy</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
32. Nothing venture, nothing win<br />
>>> Không vào hang cọp sao bắt đc cọp con</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
33. To make two ends meet<br />
>>> Giật gấu vá vai</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
34. The grass is always greener in the other side of the hill<br />
>>> Đứng núi này trông núi nọ</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
35. Out of sight, out of mind.<br />
>>> Xa mặt,cách lòng</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
36. When in Rome, do as the Romans do<br />
>>> Nhập gia tùy tục<br />
1. A bad begining makes a good ending.<br />
---> Đầu xuôi, đuôi lọt.</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
2. A bad compromise is better than a good lawsuft.<br />
---> Dĩ hoà vi quý.<br />
---> Một câu nhịn, chín câu lành.</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
3. A bad workman quarrels with his tools.<br />
---> Vụng múa chê đất lệch.<br />
---> Vụng hát chê đình tranh.<br />
---> Đàng cưa vậy, trách lưỡi cưa không ngay</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
4. A bargain is a bargain.<br />
---> Ăn cho, buôn so.</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
5. A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush.<br />
---> Thà rằng được sẽ trên tay, còn hơn được hứa trên mây hạc vàng.<br />
---> Đa hư bất như thiểu thực.</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
6. A bird may be known by its song.<br />
---> Xem việc biết người.<br />
---> Xem trong bếp biết nết đàn bà.</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
7. A broken friendship may be soldered, but will never be sound.<br />
---> Nước đỗ khó bốc, gương vỡ khó lành.</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
8. A burden of one's own choice is not felt.<br />
---> Tư tưởng không thông vác bình đông cũng nặng.</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
9. A burnt child dreads the fire.<br />
---> Phải cái dại rái (tởn) đến già.<br />
---> Trượt vỏ dưa thấy vỏ dừa cũng sợ.<br />
---> Chim bị đạn sợ làn cây cong.</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
10. A cat in gloves catches no mice.<br />
---> Muốn ăn hét, phải đào giun.<br />
--->Muốn ăn sim chín phải vào rừng xanh.<br />
---> Có làm mới có ăn.</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
11. A civil denial is better than a rude grant.<br />
---> Mất lòng trước, được lòng sau.</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
12. A lean fast is better than a dirty breakfast.<br />
---> Giấy rách phải giữ lấy lề.<br />
---> Đói cho sạch, rách cho thơm.</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
13. A clean hand wants no washing.<br />
---> Vàng thật không sợ lửa.<br />
---> Vàng tốt không nệ bán rao.</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
14. A close mouth catches no files.<br />
---> Đa ngôn đa quá.<br />
---> Thần khẩu hại xác phàm.<br />
---> Khẩu thiệt đại can qua.<br />
---> Lời nói gây ra chiến tranh.</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
15. A clear conscicence laughs at false accusations.<br />
---> Cây ngay không sợ chết đứng.</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
16. A cook is valiant on his own dunghill.<br />
---> Chó gậy gần nhà, gà cậy gần vườn.</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
17. A constant guest is never welcome.<br />
---> Đừng làm khách quá lâu.</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
18. A contented mind is a continual feast.<br />
---> Trí túc đệ nhất phú (biết đủ là giàu nhất).<br />
---> Thích chí hơn phú quý.</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
19. A creaking door hangs long on its hinges.<br />
---> Người tàn tật sống với nhau.<br />
---> Cong quẹo như kim chì.<br />
---> Bát bể để được lâu ( Russsian Saying).<br />
---> Cây tốt bị đốn trước (Trang Tử).</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
20. A cusrrst cow has short horns.<br />
---> Trời sinh hùm chẳng có vây, hùm mà sinh cánh hùm bay lên trời.</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
21. A danger foresness is half avoided.<br />
---> Cẩn tắc vô ưu (cẩn thận thì không lo phiền toái).<br />
---> Nhân vô hiền lự tất hữu cận ưu (người ko lo xa ắt có buồn gần).</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
22. A drowning man will catch at a straw.<br />
---> Đau chân há miệng.<br />
---> Chết đuối vớ cả cọng rơm.</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
23. A fair booty makes many thief.<br />
---> Đừng mang mỡ đến trước miệng mèo.<br />
---> Mỡ treo miệng mèo.<br />
---> Hoắc kim hắc nhân tâm (vàng bạc khêu gợi lòng tham con ngừơi)</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
24. A fair face may hide a foul heart.<br />
---> Cá vàng bụng bọ.</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
25. A fault confessed is half redressed.<br />
---> Biết nhận lỗi là đã sửa chữa được phân nữa.</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
26. A flow will have a ebb.<br />
---> Sông có khúc, người có lúc<br />
---> Người có lúc vinh lúc nhục, sông có lúc đục lúc trong.</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
27. A fool always rushes to the fore.<br />
---> Quân từ ẩn hình, tiểu nhân lộ tướng.<br />
---> Thông minh thánh trí thủ chi dĩ ngu (người tài trí thường giữ bề ngoài khờ khạo).</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
28. A fool and his money are soon parted.<br />
---> Đồng tiền thằng ngốc nằm không nóng túi.</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
29. A fool may sometimes give a wise man counsel.<br />
---> Người ngu đôi khi có thể cho người khôn một lời khuyên.<br />
---> Bất dữ nhân phế ngôn (Đừng vì người dở mà bỏ lời nói hay của họ)</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
30. A foul morn may turn to a fair day.<br />
---> Hết mưa trời lại hửng sáng.</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
31. A fool's tounge runs before his wit.<br />
---> Chưa đặt *** đã dạy mồm.</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
32. A friend in need is a friend indeed.<br />
---> Hoạn nạn mới biết ai là bạn bè.</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
33. A friend is never known till needed.<br />
---> Xem câu 32</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
34. A golden key opens all doors.<br />
---> Có tiền mua tiên cũng được.</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
35. A good anvil does not fear the hammer.<br />
---> Cây ngay không sợ chết đứng.<br />
---> Vàng thật không sợ lửa.</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
36. A good beginning is half the battle.<br />
---> Đầu xuôi đuôi lọt.</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
37. A good beginning makes a good ending.<br />
---> Xem lại câu 36.</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
38. A good conscience is a solf pillow.<br />
---> Lòng thanh thản là chiếc gối mềm.<br />
---> Hùm giết người hùm ngủ, người giết người thức đủ năm canh.</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
39. A good deed is never lost.<br />
---> Làm ơn không bao giờ thiệt.</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
40. A good example is the best sermon.<br />
---> Nên làm gương hơn nói bằng lời.</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
41. A good face is a lettet of recommendation.<br />
---> Nhân hiền tại mạo.</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
42. A good husband makes a good wife.<br />
Người chồng tốt làm nên vợ tốt.</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
43. A good marksman may miss.<br />
---> Thánh nhân còn có đôi khi nhầm.</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
44. A good name is better than riches.<br />
---> Tốt danh hơn tốt áo</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
45. A good name is sooner lost than won.<br />
---> Mua dnah ba vạn, bán danh ba đồng.</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
46. A good turn is soon foggotten, but an insult long remember.<br />
---> Ơn chóng quên, oán nhớ đời.</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
47. A good wife is a good prize.<br />
---> Người vợ tốt là vô giá (Kinh Thánh).</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
48. A good wife makes a good husband.<br />
---> Vợ khôn ngoan làm quan cho chồng.</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
49. A good workman is known by hiss chips.<br />
---> Xem việc biết người .<br />
---> Xem trong bếp biết nết đàn bà.</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
50. A great fortune is a great slavery.<br />
---> Ăn cơm với cáy thì ngáy kho kho, an cơm thịt bò thì lo ngay ngáy.</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
51. A geart ship asks deep waters.<br />
---> Lớn thuyền thì lớn sóng.</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
52. A handful of ashes is all that remains of the greatest.<br />
---> Chín đụn mười trâu chết cũng hai tay cắp ***.<br />
---> Sinh tử lại hoàn không.<br />
---> Sang hèn cũng ba tấc đất là xong.</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
53. A hedge between keeps friendship green.<br />
---> Quân tử chi giao đạm nhược thủy (người chỉ thiết giao hảo với nhau chừng tẻ lạnh)</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
54. A honey tongue. a heart of gall.<br />
---> Miệng mật lòng đao.<br />
---> Miệng thơn thớt, dạ ớt ngâm.<br />
---> Miện nam mô bụng một bồ dao găm.<br />
---> Khẩu phật, tâm xà.<br />
---> Nói năng quân tử, cư xử tiểu nhân.<br />
---> Bề ngoài thơn thớt nói cười, mà trong nham hiểm giết người không dao.</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
55. A house divided against itself cannot tand.<br />
---> bẻ đũa không bẻ được cả nắm.</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
56. A hungry belly has no ears.<br />
---> Bụng đói tai điếc.</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
57. A hungry man is an angry man.<br />
---> Ngừơi đang đói là một người hung dữ.<br />
---> Đói quá hoá rồ.</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
58. A Jack of all trades is master of none.<br />
---> Bá nghệ bá tri vị chi ba láp.<br />
---> Một nghề thì kín, chín nghề thì hở.</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
59. A kindness is soon forgotten.<br />
---> Ơn thì chóng quên.</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
60. A liar is not believed when he speaks the truth.<br />
---> Một lần nói dối suốt đời chẳng ai tin.</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
61. A liar should have a good memory.<br />
---> Nói dối phải có sách.</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
62. A lie begets a lie.<br />
---> Một điều nói dối nảy sinh điều dối khác.</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
63. A lie has no legs.<br />
---> Đường đi hay tối, nói dối hay cùng.</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
64. A light purse is a heavy curse.<br />
---> Vạn tối bất như bần.<br />
---> Nghèo mỗi cái mỗi hèn.</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
65. A little is better than more.<br />
---> Ít còn hơn không.</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
66. A littleleak will sink a great ship.<br />
---> Lỗ nhỏ đắm thuyền.</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
67. A living dog is better than a dead lion.<br />
---> Người sống đồng vàng.</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
68. A man can die but once.<br />
---> Đời người chỉ chết một lần.</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
69. A man can do no more than he can.<br />
---> Sức người có hạn.</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
70. A man is as old as he feels.<br />
---> Bảy mười tuổi hãy còn xuân chán.</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
71. A man is known by his friends.<br />
---> Xem bạn biết người.</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
72. A man is master in his own house.<br />
---> Mỗi người là chủ nhân ông trong nhà mình.</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
73. A man is known by the company he keeps.<br />
---> Xem câu 71 .</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
74. A merry heart goes all the way.<br />
---> Vui vẻ trong công việc sẽ dẫn đến thành công.<br />
---> Những người chép miệng thở dài, chỉ là sầu khổ bằng ai bao giờ<br />
75. A miserly father makes a prodigal son.<br />
---> Cha hà tiện đẻ con hoang phí.</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
76. A miss is as good as mile.<br />
---> Sai một ly đi một dặm.<br />
---> Lộn con toán, bán con trâu.</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
77. A mouse in time may bite in two a cable.<br />
---> Nước chảy đá mòn.<br />
---> Có công mài sắt có ngày nên kim.<br />
---> Có chí thì nên.</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
78. A new broom sweeps clean.<br />
---> Chổi mới quét sạch ( Ý nói: Ngừơi mới vào nghề thường hay siêng hoặc Chủ mới, trật tự mới).</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
79. A penny saved, apenny gained.<br />
---> Đồng tiền tiết kiệm là đồng tiền kiếm được.</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
80. A penny soul never came to twopence.<br />
---> Kiếm tiểu lợi tắc đại sự bất thành.<br />
---> Việc to đừng lo tốn.</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
81. A ragged coal may cover an honest man.<br />
---> Nghèo không phải tội.</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
82. A rich neighbour is a poor friend.<br />
---> Ở nhà giàu đau răng ăn cốm.</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
83. A rolling stone gathers no moss.<br />
---> Bá nghệ bá tri vị chi bá láp.<br />
---> Một nghề thì sống, đống nghề thì chết.</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
84. A rose by any other name would smell as sweet.<br />
---> Hoa hồng dù được gọi bằng gì thì mùi hương vẫn ngọt ngào.<br />
---> Rượu ngon chẳng quản be sành(?)</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
85.A shy cat makes a proud mouse.<br />
---> Thấy hiền đâm xiên lỗ mũi (Ý nói bị dắt mũi )</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
86. A soft answer turns away wrath.<br />
--->Chồng giận thì vợ bớt lời, cơm sôi nhỏ lửa suốt đời không khê (Really?).<br />
---> Một câu nhịn chín câu lành.<br />
---> Cái tay giận dỗi không đánh nổi khuôn mặt tươi cười.</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
87. A sound mind in a sound body.<br />
---> Một tinh thần minh mẫn trong một thân thể khoẻ mạnh.</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
88. A stitch in time saves nine.<br />
---> Để đau chạy thuốc thà giải trước thì hơn.<br />
---> Phòng bệnh hơn chữa bệnh.</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
89. A spark is sufficient to kindle a great fire.<br />
---> Cháy rừng bởi chưng tí lửa<br />
---> Cái sảy nảy cái ung.<br />
---> Ghẻ ruồi thành phung.</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
90. A storm in a tea cup.<br />
---> Bão trong cốc nước.</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
91. A straw will show which way the wind blow.<br />
---> Nhìn cọng rơm biết hướng giỏ thổi (Ý nói nhìn những dấu hiệu nhỏ
có thể giúp đoán được những sự kiện lớn sắp xảy ra hoặc có thể xảy ra.
Như Stunami là vì dụ)</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
92. A tale never loses in the telling.<br />
---> Tam sao thất bổn.</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
93. A tatter is worse than a thief.<br />
---> Một người bẻm mép còn tệ hơn kẻ cắp.</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
94. A thief knows a thief as a wofl knows a wolf.<br />
---> Ngưu tầm ngưu, mã tầm mã.</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
95. A thief passes for a gentleman when stealing has made him rich.<br />
---> Đồng tiền không phấn không hồ mà sao khéo điểm mà tô mặt người.</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
96. A thing you don't want is dear at any price.<br />
---> Vật không cần thì giá nào cũng đắt.</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
97. A tree is known by its fruit.<br />
---> Nhìn quả biết cây.</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
98. A useful trade is a mine of gold.<br />
---> Nhật nghệ tinh, nhất thân vinh.</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
99. A watched pot never boils.<br />
---> Sự ngóng hay trơ.</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
100. A wilful man must have his way.<br />
---> Có chí thì nên.</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
101. A wise man changes his mind, a foll never will.<br />
---> Người đại bảo thủ, người khôn thức thời.<br />
---> Kẻ thức thời là trang túân kiệt.</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
102. A woman must have her own way.<br />
--->Đàn bà muốn là trời muốn.<br />
---> Nhất vợ nhì trời.</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
103. A woman's work is never done.<br />
---> Đang khi lửa tắt cơm sôi, lợn kêu con khóc chồng đòi chè khoai .</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
104. A word is enough to the wise.<br />
---> Người khôn nói ít hiểu nhìêu.</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
105. A word spoken is past recalling.<br />
---> Lỡ chân gượng được, lỡ miệng không gượng được.<br />
---> Một lời mà đã nói ra, dẫu rằng bốn ngựa cũng là khó theo.<br />
---> Nhất ngôn ký xuất, tứ mạ nan truy.</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
106. Absence makes the heart grow fonder.<br />
---> Sự xa vắng làm tăng thêm tình yêu.</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
107. Accidents will happen.<br />
---> Chạy trời không khỏi nắng(số).<br />
---> Số chết rúc trong ống cũng chết.</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
108. Actions speak louderthan words.<br />
---> Hay làm hơn hay nói.</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
109. Adam's ale is the best brew.<br />
---> Nước lã là thức uống tốt nhất.</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
110. Adversitybrings wisdom.<br />
---> Cái khó ló cái khôn.<br />
---> Cảnh cùng phát sinh trí xảo.</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
111. Adversity is great schoolmaster.<br />
---> Xem lại câu 110 .</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
112. Adversity makes a man wise, not rich.<br />
---> Tiếp tục như câu 111 .</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
113. Adversity makes strange bedfellows.<br />
---> Bọt kết bạn với bèo.</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
114. After a storm comes a calm.<br />
---> Hết cơn bĩ cực, đến ngày thái lai.<br />
---> Sau cơn mưa, trời lại sáng.</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
115. After dinner comes the reckoning.<br />
---> Có bụng chơi, có bụng chịu.<br />
---> Có gan làm, có gan chịu.<br />
---> Dám làm, dám nhận.</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
116.After dinner sit (sleep) a while, after supper walk a mile.<br />
---> Sau bữa ăn chiều hãy nghĩ ngơi một tí, sau bữa ăn tối hãy đi bộ vài dặm.</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
117. After rain comes fair weather.<br />
---> Xem alị câu 114 .</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
118. Agues come on horseback, but go away on foot.<br />
---> Đau chóng, đã chầy.</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
119. All bread is not baked in one oven.<br />
---> Không nên vơ đũa cả nắm.</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
120. All cats are grey in the dark (in the night).<br />
---> Tắt đèn nhà ngòi như nhà tranh.<br />
---> Thấp thoáng bóng đêm cú cũng như tiên.</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
121. All covet, all lose.<br />
---> Tham thì thâm.</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
122. All doors open to courtesy.<br />
---> Sự lịch sự nhã nhặn mở ra được tất cả mọi cánh cửa.</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
123. All his geese are swans.<br />
---> Mọi con ngỗng của hắn đều là những con thiên nga (Ý nói: Những
người trẻ cho rằng những điều mình thích là tốt đẹp nhất).</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
124. All is well that ends well.<br />
---> Kết cuộc tốt là tốt.</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
125. All lay loads on the willing horse.<br />
---> Người khôn nhọc lo, đứa dại ăn no lại nằm.</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
126. All men can't be masters.<br />
---> Không phải ai cũng được sinh ra để ********.</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
127. All men do not follow in the footsteps of their forbears.<br />
---> Cha mẹ sinh con trời sinh tính.<br />
---> Sinh con há dễ sinh lòng.</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
128. All professions are useful.<br />
---> Nghề nào cũng quý.</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
129. All roads lead to Rome.<br />
---> Đường nào cũng dẫn tới La Mã.</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
130. All that glitters is not gold.<br />
---> Cá vàng bụng bọ.<br />
---> Đom đóm sáng đằng ***.<br />
---> Tốt mã dẻ cùi.<br />
---> Tốt mã rã đám.<br />
---> Thế gian lắm kẻ mơ màng, thấy hòn son đỏ ngỡ vàng mới tô.<br />
---> Kìa ai lào lạo ngoài da, mà trong rỗng tếch như hoa muống rừng.</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
131. All that live must die.<br />
---> Sinh giả tất tử ( Người ta ai cũng phải chết).</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
132. All things are difficult before they are easy.<br />
---> Vạn sự khởi đầu nan (Chỉ mong gian nan đừng bắt đầu nản---> cái này thêm vào ).</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
133. All truth is not always to be told.<br />
---> Sự thật cũng có lúc không nên nói.</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
134. All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.<br />
---> Làm việc phải biết nghỉ ngơi.<br />
---> Làm việc có giờ, chơi có lúc.</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
135. Although the sun shine leave not thy cloak at home.<br />
---> Cẩn tắc vô ưu.<br />
---> Nhân vô viễn lự tất hữu cận ưu.</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
136. Among the blind the one-eyed man is king.<br />
---> Thằng chột làm vua xứ mù.</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
137. An act of kindness is never wasted.<br />
---> Làm ơn không bao giờ thiệt.</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
138. An ass is a lion's skin.<br />
---> Cáo mượn oai hùm.</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
139. An army marches on its stomach.<br />
---> Thực túc binh cường.</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
140. An ass will always be an ass.<br />
---> Chó dại có mùa, người dại quanh năm.</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
141. An empty sack cannot stand upright.<br />
---> Nghèo mỗi cái mỗi hèn.<br />
---> Khó sinh khốn.<br />
---> Khó mất thảo ngày, giàu sinh lễ nghĩa.</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
142. An empty hand is no lure for a hawk.<br />
---> Không đấm mõm thì chẳng.<br />
---> Cao lễ dễ thưa.</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
143. An empty vessel gives a greater sound than a full barrel.<br />
---> Thùng rỗng kêu to.</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
144. An evil chance seldom comes alone.<br />
---> Phúc bất trùng lai, hoạ vô đơn chí.<br />
---> Phúc chẳng hai, tai chẳng một.</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
145. An eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth.<br />
---> Lấy oán báo oán.<br />
---> Ân đền oán trả.</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
146. An honest tale speeds best, being plainly told.<br />
---> Nói gần nói xa, chẳng qua nói thật.<br />
---> Văn hoa chẳng bằng nói thật.</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
147. An hour in the morning is worth two in the evening.<br />
---> Buổi tối nghĩ sai, sáng mai nghĩ đúng.</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
148. An idle brain is the devil's workshop.<br />
---> Nhàn cư vi bất thiện.</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br />
149. An old dog harks no in vain.<br />
---> Chó tinh chẳng sủa lỗ không</span></div>
Vu Thi Phuong Anhhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11263378523301439180noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-764967974780583729.post-2371707168038540642015-01-19T04:22:00.002-08:002015-01-19T05:44:37.501-08:00Idioms and proverbs in English and their equivalents in Vietnamese<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3;"><i>You don't always need them, but they can add "flavour" to your language classes, especially at a more advanced level and with a more mature group of learners. So here goes:</i></span><br />
<br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3;"><i><a href="https://noitienganh.wordpress.com/2012/02/22/m%E1%BB%99t-s%E1%BB%91-thanh-ng%E1%BB%AF-anh-vi%E1%BB%87t-hay-s%C6%B0u-t%E1%BA%A7m/" target="_blank">https://noitienganh.wordpress.com/2012/02/22/m%E1%BB%99t-s%E1%BB%91-thanh-ng%E1%BB%AF-anh-vi%E1%BB%87t-hay-s%C6%B0u-t%E1%BA%A7m/ </a></i></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3;"><span style="color: blue;">------------------</span></span><br />
<h1 id="post-7">
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3;"><span style="color: blue;">Một số thành ngữ Anh – Việt hay sưu tầm</span></span></h1>
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3;"><span style="color: blue;">
</span></span><br />
<div class="author">
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3;"><span style="color: blue;">Posted on <i>22/02/2012</i>. Filed under: <a href="https://noitienganh.wordpress.com/category/ki%e1%ba%bfn-th%e1%bb%a9c-ti%e1%ba%bfng-anh/" rel="category tag">Kiến thức tiếng Anh</a> | </span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3;"><span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;">A stranger nearby is better than a far-away relative.<br />
Bà con xa không bằng láng giềng gần</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3;"><span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;">Tell me who’s your friend and I’ll tell you who you are.<br />
Hãy nói cho tôi biết bạn của anh là ai, tôi sẽ nói cho anh biết anh là người như thế nào</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3;"><span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;">Time and tide wait for no man<br />
Thời gian và nước thủy triều không đợi ai cả.</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3;"><span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;">Silence is golden<br />
Im lặng là vàng</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3;"><span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;">Don’t judge a book by its cover<br />
Đừng trông mặt mà bắt hình dong</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3;"><span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;">The tongue has no bone but it breaks bone<br />
Cái lưỡi không xương đôi đường lắt léo</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3;"><span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;">You will reap what you will sow<br />
Gieo nhân nào gặt quả nấy</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3;"><span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;">A wolf won’t eat wolf<br />
Chó sói không bao giờ ăn thịt đồng loại</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3;"><span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;">Don’t postpone until tomorrow what you can do today.<br />
Đừng để những việc cho ngày mai mà bạn có thể làm hôm nay</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3;"><span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;">Mỗi thời, mỗi cách<br />
Other times, other ways</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3;"><span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;">Trèo cao té nặng<br />
The greater you climb, the greater you fall.</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3;"><span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;">Dục tốc bất đạt<br />
Haste makes waste.</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3;"><span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;">Tay làm hàm nhai<br />
no pains, no gains</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3;"><span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;">Phi thương,bất phú<br />
nothing ventures, nothing gains</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3;"><span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;">Tham thì thâm<br />
grasp all, lose all.</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3;"><span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;">có mới, nới cũ</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3;"><span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;">New one in, old one out.</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3;"><span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;">Cuả thiên, trả địa.<br />
Ill-gotten, ill-spent</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3;"><span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;">Nói dễ, làm khó.<br />
Easier said than done.</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3;"><span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;">Dễ được, dễ mất.<br />
Easy come, easy goes.</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3;"><span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;">Túng thế phải tùng quyền<br />
Necessity knows no laws.</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3;"><span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;">Cùng tắc biến, biến tắc thông.<br />
When the going gets tough, the tough gets going.</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3;"><span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;">Mưu sự tại nhân, thành sự tại thiên<br />
Man propose, god dispose</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3;"><span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;">Còn nước, còn tát.<br />
While ther’s life, there’s hope.</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3;"><span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;">Thùng rổng thì kêu to.<br />
The empty vessel makes greatest sound.</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3;"><span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;">Hoạ vô đon chí.<br />
Misfortunes never comes in singly.</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3;"><span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;">Tình yêu là mù quáng.<br />
Affections blind reasons. Love is Blind.</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3;"><span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;">Cái nết đánh chết cái đẹp.<br />
Beauty dies and fades away but ugly holds its own</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3;"><span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;">Yêu nên tốt, ghét nên xấu.<br />
Beauty is in the eye of the beholder</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3;"><span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;">Chết vinh còn hơn sống nhục.<br />
Better die on your feet than live on your knees</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3;"><span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;">Có còn hơn không.<br />
Something Better than nothing<br />
If you cannot have the best, make the best of what you have</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3;"><span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;">Một giọt máu đào hơn ao nước lã.<br />
Blood is thicker than water</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3;"><span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;">Lời nói không đi đôi với việc làm.</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3;"><span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;">Do as I say, not as I do</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3;"><span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;">Tham thực, cực thân.<br />
Don ‘t bite off more than you can chew</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3;"><span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;">Sinh sự, sự sinh.<br />
Don ‘t trouble trouble till trouble trouuubles you</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3;"><span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;">Rượu vào, lời ra.<br />
Drunkness reveals what soberness conceallls</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3;"><span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;">Tránh voi chẳng xấu mặt nào.<br />
For mad words, deaf ears.</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3;"><span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;">Thánh nhân đãi kẻ khù khờ.<br />
Fortune smiles upon fools</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3;"><span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;">Trời sinh voi, sinh cỏ.<br />
God never sends mouths but he sends meat</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3;"><span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;">* Regular guy (swell guy) = Người tốt, người đáng tin cậy.</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3;"><span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;">Ví dụ:</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3;"><span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;">He is a regular guy. You can trust him all right.<br />
Anh ta là người tốt. Anh có thể tin ở anh ấy.</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3;"><span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;">* Rubber stamp, yes man = Kẻ xu nịnh, nghị gật.</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3;"><span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;">Ví dụ:</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3;"><span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;">No use to ask him. He is only a rubber stamp or yes man here<br />
Hỏi ông ấy làm gì. Ở đây ông ấy chỉ là kẻ gió chiều nào che chiều đó hoặc giả là nghị gật mà thôi.</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3;"><span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;">* Round about way = Linh hoạt</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3;"><span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;">Ví dụ:</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3;"><span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;">Let us do it in a more round about way<br />
Chúng ta phải giải quyết linh hoạt một chút.</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3;"><span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;">* Rendezvous = Ước hẹn<br />
Ví dụ:</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3;"><span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;">I have a rendezvous tonight.<br />
Tối nay tôi đã có hẹn.</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3;"><span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;">* Right with you = Sẽ đến</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3;"><span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;">Ví dụ:</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3;"><span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;">I shall be right with you.<br />
Tôi nhất định sẽ đến.</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3;"><span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;">* Run of the town = Náo động<br />
Ví dụ:</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3;"><span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;">He got run of the town the last time was here.<br />
Lần cuối anh ta có mặt ở thành phố, anh ta đã làm náo động cả lên.</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3;"><span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;">* Red tape = Tệ quan liêu hành chính</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3;"><span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;">Ví dụ:</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3;"><span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;">I hate red tape.<br />
Tôi căm ghét tệ quan liêu hành chính.</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3;"><span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;">* Rule of thumb = Cách làm tùy tiện<br />
Ví dụ:</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3;"><span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;">Nowadays you can’t do things in a rule of thumb way.<br />
Ngày nay không thể làm tùy tiện kiểu đó được.</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3;"><span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;">* Rotten to the core = Hỏng nặng, hư<br />
Ví dụ:</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3;"><span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;">You may say he is rotten to the core.<br />
Có thể nói hắn ta hư hỏng lắm.</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3;"><span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;">* Rosy = Mỹ mãn, tốt đẹp<br />
Ví dụ:</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3;"><span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;">The prospect is quite rosy.<br />
Triển vọng rất tươi đẹp.</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3;"><span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;">* Real McCoy = Đồ thật</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3;"><span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;">Ví dụ:<br />
It is the real McCoy.<br />
Đồ thật đấy.</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3;"><span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;">* Rubber check = Chi phiếu khống</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3;"><span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;">Ví dụ:<br />
I am not raising hell in the meeting.<br />
Tôi không nhận chi phiếu khống.</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3;"><span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;">*Raising hell = Làm xáo trộn</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3;"><span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;">Ví dụ:</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3;"><span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;">He was raising hell in the meeting.<br />
Hắn ta đã gấy rối loạn trong cuộc họp.</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3;"><span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;">* Rocks = Kim cương, đá quí</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3;"><span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;">Ví dụ:<br />
She got plenty rocks with her.<br />
Cô ta đeo nhiều đá quí trên người.</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3;"><span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;">* Red light district = Khu đèn đỏ, khu có kỹ viện</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3;"><span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;">Ví dụ:</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3;"><span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;">I want to see the red light district here.<br />
Tôi muốn tham quan khu đèn đỏ ở đây.</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3;"><span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;">* Run sb out of town = tống cổ ai đó<br />
Ví dụ:</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3;"><span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;">I shall run him out of town.<br />
Tôi sẽ tống cổ hắn đi.</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3;"><span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;">* Rubbing shoulder = Có quan hệ đi lại thường xuyên<br />
Ví dụ:</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3;"><span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;">I have been rubbing shoulders with the generals then.<br />
Hồi trước tôi đã có quan hệ qua lại với các tướng lãnh.</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3;"><span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;">* Rabbi = Người Do Thái (đặc biệt chỉ mục sư Do Thái)<br />
Ví dụ:</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3;"><span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;">He is a rabbi.<br />
Ông ấy là một mục sư Do Thái.</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3;"><span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;">* Right or wrong = Bất kể thế nào.</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3;"><span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;">Ví dụ:</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3;"><span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;">Right or wrong. I’ll do it.<br />
Bất kể thế nào tôi cũng làm như vậy.</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3;"><span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;">English – Vietnamese Idioms</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3;"><span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;">1. Live not to eat, but eat to live<br />
>>> Sống không phải để ăn nhưng ăn để sống<br />
2. The longest day must have an end<br />
>>> Ngày dài nhất cũng phải qua đi<br />
3. Make the best of a bad job<br />
>>> Phải biết chấp nhận hoàn cảnh<br />
4. A man can only die once<br />
>>> Ai cũng phải chết một lần<br />
5. Marriage are made in Heaven<br />
>>> Hôn nhân là do trời định<br />
6. Men are blind in their own cause<br />
>>> Con người mù quáng vì niềm tin của mình<br />
7. Men make houses, Women make home<br />
>>> Đàn ông xây nhà, Đàn bà xây tổ ấm<br />
8. Might is right<br />
>>> Lẽ phải thuộc về kẻ mạnh<br />
9. Money talks<br />
>>> Đồng tiền biết nói<br />
10. Necessity is the mother of invention<br />
>>> Cái khó ló cái khôn<br />
11. Barking dogs seldom bite<br />
>>> Sủa ít khi cắn<br />
12. The beaten road is safest<br />
>>> Con đường quen thuộc là con đường an toàn nhất<br />
13. Beauty is in the eyes of the beholder<br />
>>> Vẻ đẹp nằm trong con mắt người ngắm<br />
14. Better late than never<br />
>>> Thà muộn còn hơn không<br />
15. Blood is thicker than water<br />
>>> Một giọt máu đào hơn ao nước lã<br />
16. Book and friend should be few but good<br />
>>> Sách vở và bạn bè, cần ít thôi nhưng phải tốt<br />
17. Brevity is the soul of wit<br />
>>> Sự ngắn gọn là tinh hoa của trí tuệ<br />
18. The best is enemy of the good<br />
>>> Cầu toàn đâm ra hỏng việc<br />
19. Everybody’s bussiness is nobody’s bussiness<br />
>>> Cha chung không ai khóc<br />
20. Too many cooks spoil the broth<br />
>>> Lắm thầy thối ma<br />
21. Cut your coat according to your cloth.<br />
>>> Liệu cơm gắp mắm<br />
22. Bad news have wings<br />
>>> Tiếng lành đồn gần, tiếng dữ đồn xa<br />
23. To swim with the tide<br />
>>> Gió chiều nào che chiều ấy<br />
24. It takes all sorts to make a world<br />
>>> Của năm bảy loại, người năm bảy loài<br />
25. Ill gotten, ill spent<br />
>>> Của thiên trả địa<br />
26. You can’t make an omelette without breaking eggs<br />
>>> Muốn ăn phải lăn vào bếp<br />
27. As you brew, so you must drink<br />
>>> Bụng làm dạ chịu<br />
28. Diamond cut diamond<br />
>>> Kẻ cắp gặp bà gìa<br />
29. Home is home, be it ever so homely<br />
>>> Ta về ta tắm ao ta<br />
30. A clean fast is better than a dirty breakfast<br />
>>> Đói cho sạch rách cho thơm<br />
31. Don’t let the grass grow under your feet<br />
>>> Đừng để nước đến chân mới nhảy<br />
32. Nothing venture, nothing win<br />
>>> Không vào hang cọp sao bắt đc cọp con<br />
33. To make two ends meet<br />
>>> Giật gấu vá vai<br />
34. The grass is always greener in the other side of the hill<br />
>>> Đứng núi này trông núi nọ<br />
35. Out of sight, out of mind.<br />
>>> Xa mặt,cách lòng<br />
36. When in Rome, do as the Romans do<br />
>>> Nhập gia tùy tục<br />
1. A bad begining makes a good ending.<br />
—> Đầu xuôi, đuôi lọt.<br />
2. A bad compromise is better than a good lawsuft.<br />
—> Dĩ hoà vi quý.<br />
—> Một câu nhịn, chín câu lành.<br />
3. A bad workman quarrels with his tools.<br />
—> Vụng múa chê đất lệch.<br />
—> Vụng hát chê đình tranh.<br />
—> Đàng cưa vậy, trách lưỡi cưa không ngay.<br />
4. A bargain is a bargain.<br />
—> Ăn cho, buôn so.<br />
5. A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush.<br />
—> Thà rằng được sẽ trên tay, còn hơn được hứa trên mây hạc vàng.<br />
—> Đa hư bất như thiểu thực.<br />
6. A bird may be known by its song.<br />
—> Xem việc biết người.<br />
—> Xem trong bếp biết nết đàn bà.<br />
7. A broken friendship may be soldered, but will never be sound.<br />
—> Nước đỗ khó bốc, gương vỡ khó lành.<br />
8. A burden of one’s own choice is not felt.<br />
—> Tư tưởng không thông vác bình đông cũng nặng.<br />
9. A burnt child dreads the fire.<br />
—> Phải cái dại rái (tởn) đến già.<br />
—> Trượt vỏ dưa thấy vỏ dừa cũng sợ.<br />
—> Chim bị đạn sợ làn cây cong.<br />
10. A cat in gloves catches no mice.<br />
—> Muốn ăn hét, phải đào giun.<br />
—>Muốn ăn sim chín phải vào rừng xanh.<br />
—> Có làm mới có ăn.<br />
11. A civil denial is better than a rude grant.<br />
—> Mất lòng trước, được lòng sau.<br />
12. A lean fast is better than a dirty breakfast.<br />
—> Giấy rách phải giữ lấy lề.<br />
—> Đói cho sạch, rách cho thơm.<br />
13. A clean hand wants no washing.<br />
—> Vàng thật không sợ lửa.<br />
—> Vàng tốt không nệ bán rao.<br />
14. A close mouth catches no files.<br />
—> Đa ngôn đa quá.<br />
—> Thần khẩu hại xác phàm.<br />
—> Khẩu thiệt đại can qua.<br />
—> Lời nói gây ra chiến tranh.<br />
15. A clear conscicence laughs at false accusations.<br />
—> Cây ngay không sợ chết đứng.<br />
16. A cook is valiant on his own dunghill.<br />
—> Chó gậy gần nhà, gà cậy gần vườn.<br />
17. A constant guest is never welcome.<br />
—> Đừng làm khách quá lâu.<br />
18. A contented mind is a continual feast.<br />
—> Trí túc đệ nhất phú (biết đủ là giàu nhất).<br />
—> Thích chí hơn phú quý.<br />
19. A creaking door hangs long on its hinges.<br />
—> Người tàn tật sống với nhau.<br />
—> Cong quẹo như kim chì.<br />
—> Bát bể để được lâu ( Russsian Saying).<br />
—> Cây tốt bị đốn trước (Trang Tử).<br />
20. A cusrrst cow has short horns.<br />
—> Trời sinh hùm chẳng có vây, hùm mà sinh cánh hùm bay lên trời.<br />
21. A danger foresness is half avoided.<br />
—> Cẩn tắc vô ưu (cẩn thận thì không lo phiền toái).<br />
—> Nhân vô hiền lự tất hữu cận ưu (người ko lo xa ắt có buồn gần).<br />
22. A drowning man will catch at a straw.<br />
—> Đau chân há miệng.<br />
—> Chết đuối vớ cả cọng rơm.<br />
23. A fair booty makes many thief.<br />
—> Đừng mang mỡ đến trước miệng mèo.<br />
—> Mỡ treo miệng mèo.<br />
—> Hoắc kim hắc nhân tâm (vàng bạc khêu gợi lòng tham con ngừơi)<br />
24. A fair face may hide a foul heart.<br />
—> Cá vàng bụng bọ.<br />
25. A fault confessed is half redressed.<br />
—> Biết nhận lỗi là đã sửa chữa được phân nữa.<br />
26. A flow will have a ebb.<br />
—> Sông có khúc, người có lúc<br />
—> Người có lúc vinh lúc nhục, sông có lúc đục lúc trong.<br />
27. A fool always rushes to the fore.<br />
—> Quân từ ẩn hình, tiểu nhân lộ tướng.<br />
—> Thông minh thánh trí thủ chi dĩ ngu (người tài trí thường giữ bề ngoài khờ khạo).<br />
28. A fool and his money are soon parted.<br />
—> Đồng tiền thằng ngốc nằm không nóng túi.<br />
29. A fool may sometimes give a wise man counsel.<br />
—> Người ngu đôi khi có thể cho người khôn một lời khuyên.<br />
—> Bất dữ nhân phế ngôn (Đừng vì người dở mà bỏ lời nói hay của họ)<br />
30. A foul morn may turn to a fair day.<br />
—> Hết mưa trời lại hửng sáng.<br />
31. A fool’s tounge runs before his wit.<br />
—> Chưa đặt đít đã dạy mồm.<br />
32. A friend in need is a friend indeed.<br />
—> Hoạn nạn mới biết ai là bạn bè.<br />
33. A friend is never known till needed.<br />
—> Xem câu 32<br />
34. A golden key opens all doors.<br />
—> Có tiền mua tiên cũng được.<br />
35. A good anvil does not fear the hammer.<br />
—> Cây ngay không sợ chết đứng.<br />
—> Vàng thật không sợ lửa.<br />
36. A good beginning is half the battle.<br />
—> Đầu xuôi đuôi lọt.<br />
37. A good beginning makes a good ending.<br />
—> Xem lại câu 36.<br />
38. A good conscience is a solf pillow.<br />
—> Lòng thanh thản là chiếc gối mềm.<br />
—> Hùm giết người hùm ngủ, người giết người thức đủ năm canh.<br />
39. A good deed is never lost.<br />
—> Làm ơn không bao giờ thiệt.<br />
40. A good example is the best sermon.<br />
—> Nên làm gương hơn nói bằng lời.<br />
41. A good face is a lettet of recommendation.<br />
—> Nhân hiền tại mạo.<br />
42. A good husband makes a good wife.<br />
Người chồng tốt làm nên vợ tốt.<br />
43. A good marksman may miss.<br />
—> Thánh nhân còn có đôi khi nhầm.<br />
44. A good name is better than riches.<br />
—> Tốt danh hơn tốt áo<br />
45. A good name is sooner lost than won.<br />
—> Mua dnah ba vạn, bán danh ba đồng.<br />
46. A good turn is soon foggotten, but an insult long remember.<br />
—> Ơn chóng quên, oán nhớ đời.<br />
47. A good wife is a good prize.<br />
—> Người vợ tốt là vô giá (Kinh Thánh).<br />
48. A good wife makes a good husband.<br />
—> Vợ khôn ngoan làm quan cho chồng.<br />
49. A good workman is known by hiss chips.<br />
—> Xem việc biết người .<br />
—> Xem trong bếp biết nết đàn bà.<br />
50. A great fortune is a great slavery.<br />
—> Ăn cơm với cáy thì ngáy kho kho, an cơm thịt bò thì lo ngay ngáy.<br />
51. A geart ship asks deep waters.<br />
—> Lớn thuyền thì lớn sóng.<br />
52. A handful of ashes is all that remains of the greatest.<br />
—> Chín đụn mười trâu chết cũng hai tay cắp đít.<br />
—> Sinh tử lại hoàn không.<br />
—> Sang hèn cũng ba tấc đất là xong.<br />
53. A hedge between keeps friendship green.<br />
—> Quân tử chi giao đạm nhược thủy (người chỉ thiết giao hảo với nhau chừng tẻ lạnh)<br />
54. A honey tongue. a heart of gall.<br />
—> Miệng mật lòng đao.<br />
—> Miệng thơn thớt, dạ ớt ngâm.<br />
—> Miện nam mô bụng một bồ dao găm.<br />
—> Khẩu phật, tâm xà.<br />
—> Nói năng quân tử, cư xử tiểu nhân.<br />
—> Bề ngoài thơn thớt nói cười, mà trong nham hiểm giết người không dao.<br />
55. A house divided against itself cannot tand.<br />
—> bẻ đũa không bẻ được cả nắm.<br />
56. A hungry belly has no ears.<br />
—> Bụng đói tai điếc.<br />
57. A hungry man is an angry man.<br />
—> Ngừơi đang đói là một người hung dữ.<br />
—> Đói quá hoá rồ.<br />
58. A Jack of all trades is master of none.<br />
—> Bá nghệ bá tri vị chi ba láp.<br />
—> Một nghề thì kín, chín nghề thì hở.<br />
59. A kindness is soon forgotten.<br />
—> Ơn thì chóng quên.<br />
60. A liar is not believed when he speaks the truth.<br />
—> Một lần nói dối suốt đời chẳng ai tin.<br />
61. A liar should have a good memory.<br />
—> Nói dối phải có sách.<br />
62. A lie begets a lie.<br />
—> Một điều nói dối nảy sinh điều dối khác.<br />
63. A lie has no legs.<br />
—> Đường đi hay tối, nói dối hay cùng.<br />
64. A light purse is a heavy curse.<br />
—> Vạn tối bất như bần.<br />
—> Nghèo mỗi cái mỗi hèn.<br />
65. A little is better than more.<br />
—> Ít còn hơn không.<br />
66. A littleleak will sink a great ship.<br />
—> Lỗ nhỏ đắm thuyền.<br />
67. A living dog is better than a dead lion.<br />
—> Người sống đồng vàng.<br />
68. A man can die but once.<br />
—> Đời người chỉ chết một lần.<br />
69. A man can do no more than he can.<br />
—> Sức người có hạn.<br />
70. A man is as old as he feels.<br />
—> Bảy mười tuổi hãy còn xuân chán.<br />
71. A man is known by his friends.<br />
—> Xem bạn biết người.<br />
72. A man is master in his own house.<br />
—> Mỗi người là chủ nhân ông trong nhà mình.<br />
73. A man is known by the company he keeps.<br />
—> Xem câu 71 .<br />
74. A merry heart goes all the way.<br />
—> Vui vẻ trong công việc sẽ dẫn đến thành công.<br />
—> Những người chép miệng thở dài, chỉ là sầu khổ bằng ai bao giờ<br />
75. A miserly father makes a prodigal son.<br />
—> Cha hà tiện đẻ con hoang phí.<br />
76. A miss is as good as mile.<br />
—> Sai một ly đi một dặm.<br />
—> Lộn con toán, bán con trâu.<br />
77. A mouse in time may bite in two a cable.<br />
—> Nước chảy đá mòn.<br />
—> Có công mài sắt có ngày nên kim.<br />
—> Có chí thì nên.<br />
78. A new broom sweeps clean.<br />
—> Chổi mới quét sạch ( Ý nói: Ngừơi mới vào nghề thường hay siêng hoặc Chủ mới, trật tự mới).<br />
79. A penny saved, apenny gained.<br />
—> Đồng tiền tiết kiệm là đồng tiền kiếm được.<br />
80. A penny soul never came to twopence.<br />
—> Kiếm tiểu lợi tắc đại sự bất thành.<br />
—> Việc to đừng lo tốn.<br />
81. A ragged coal may cover an honest man.<br />
—> Nghèo không phải tội.<br />
82. A rich neighbour is a poor friend.<br />
—> Ở nhà giàu đau răng ăn cốm.<br />
83. A rolling stone gathers no moss.<br />
—> Bá nghệ bá tri vị chi bá láp.<br />
—> Một nghề thì sống, đống nghề thì chết.<br />
84. A rose by any other name would smell as sweet.<br />
—> Hoa hồng dù được gọi bằng gì thì mùi hương vẫn ngọt ngào.<br />
—> Rượu ngon chẳng quản be sành(?)<br />
85.A shy cat makes a proud mouse.<br />
—> Thấy hiền đâm xiên lỗ mũi (Ý nói bị dắt mũi )<br />
86. A soft answer turns away wrath.<br />
—>Chồng giận thì vợ bớt lời, cơm sôi nhỏ lửa suốt đời không khê (Really?).<br />
—> Một câu nhịn chín câu lành.<br />
—> Cái tay giận dỗi không đánh nổi khuôn mặt tươi cười.<br />
87. A sound mind in a sound body.<br />
—> Một tinh thần minh mẫn trong một thân thể khoẻ mạnh.<br />
88. A stitch in time saves nine.<br />
—> Để đau chạy thuốc thà giải trước thì hơn.<br />
—> Phòng bệnh hơn chữa bệnh.<br />
89. A spark is sufficient to kindle a great fire.<br />
—> Cháy rừng bởi chưng tí lửa.<br />
—> Cái sảy nảy cái ung.<br />
—> Ghẻ ruồi thành phung.<br />
90. A storm in a tea cup.<br />
—> Bão trong cốc nước.<br />
91. A straw will show which way the wind blow.<br />
—> Nhìn cọng rơm biết hướng giỏ thổi (Ý nói nhìn những dấu hiệu nhỏ
có thể giúp đoán được những sự kiện lớn sắp xảy ra hoặc có thể xảy ra.
Như Stunami là vì dụ)<br />
92. A tale never loses in the telling.<br />
—> Tam sao thất bổn.<br />
93. A tatter is worse than a thief.<br />
—> Một người bẻm mép còn tệ hơn kẻ cắp.<br />
94. A thief knows a thief as a wofl knows a wolf.<br />
—> Ngưu tầm ngưu, mã tầm mã.<br />
95. A thief passes for a gentleman when stealing has made him rich.<br />
—> Đồng tiền không phấn không hồ mà sao khéo điểm mà tô mặt người.<br />
96. A thing you don’t want is dear at any price.<br />
—> Vật không cần thì giá nào cũng đắt.<br />
97. A tree is known by its fruit.<br />
—> Nhìn quả biết cây.<br />
98. A useful trade is a mine of gold.<br />
—> Nhật nghệ tinh, nhất thân vinh.<br />
99. A watched pot never boils.<br />
—> Sự ngóng hay trơ.<br />
100. A wilful man must have his way.<br />
—> Có chí thì nên.<br />
101. A wise man changes his mind, a foll never will.<br />
—> Người đại bảo thủ, người khôn thức thời.<br />
—> Kẻ thức thời là trang túân kiệt.<br />
102. A woman must have her own way.<br />
—>Đàn bà muốn là trời muốn.<br />
—> Nhất vợ nhì trời.<br />
103. A woman’s work is never done.<br />
—> Đang khi lửa tắt cơm sôi, lợn kêu con khóc chồng đòi chè khoai .<br />
104. A word is enough to the wise.<br />
—> Người khôn nói ít hiểu nhìêu.<br />
105. A word spoken is past recalling.<br />
—> Lỡ chân gượng được, lỡ miệng không gượng được.<br />
—> Một lời mà đã nói ra, dẫu rằng bốn ngựa cũng là khó theo.<br />
—> Nhất ngôn ký xuất, tứ mạ nan truy.<br />
106. Absence makes the heart grow fonder.<br />
—> Sự xa vắng làm tăng thêm tình yêu.<br />
107. Accidents will happen.<br />
—> Chạy trời không khỏi nắng(số).<br />
—> Số chết rúc trong ống cũng chết.<br />
108. Actions speak louderthan words.<br />
—> Hay làm hơn hay nói.<br />
109. Adam’s ale is the best brew.<br />
—> Nước lã là thức uống tốt nhất.<br />
110. Adversitybrings wisdom.<br />
—> Cái khó ló cái khôn.<br />
—> Cảnh cùng phát sinh trí xảo.<br />
111. Adversity is great schoolmaster.<br />
—> Xem lại câu 110 .<br />
112. Adversity makes a man wise, not rich.<br />
—> Tiếp tục như câu 111 .<br />
113. Adversity makes strange bedfellows.<br />
—> Bọt kết bạn với bèo.<br />
114. After a storm comes a calm.<br />
—> Hết cơn bĩ cực, đến ngày thái lai.<br />
—> Sau cơn mưa, trời lại sáng.<br />
115. After dinner comes the reckoning.<br />
—> Có bụng chơi, có bụng chịu.<br />
—> Có gan làm, có gan chịu.<br />
—> Dám làm, dám nhận.<br />
116.After dinner sit (sleep) a while, after supper walk a mile.<br />
—> Sau bữa ăn chiều hãy nghĩ ngơi một tí, sau bữa ăn tối hãy đi bộ vài dặm.<br />
117. After rain comes fair weather.<br />
—> Xem alị câu 114 .<br />
118. Agues come on horseback, but go away on foot.<br />
—> Đau chóng, đã chầy.<br />
119. All bread is not baked in one oven.<br />
—> Không nên vơ đũa cả nắm.<br />
120. All cats are grey in the dark (in the night).<br />
—> Tắt đèn nhà ngòi như nhà tranh.<br />
—> Thấp thoáng bóng đêm cú cũng như tiên.<br />
121. All covet, all lose.<br />
—> Tham thì thâm.<br />
122. All doors open to courtesy.<br />
—> Sự lịch sự nhã nhặn mở ra được tất cả mọi cánh cửa.<br />
123. All his geese are swans.<br />
—> Mọi con ngỗng của hắn đều là những con thiên nga (Ý nói: Những người trẻ cho rằng những điều mình thích là tốt đẹp nhất).<br />
124. All is well that ends well.<br />
—> Kết cuộc tốt là tốt.<br />
125. All lay loads on the willing horse.<br />
—> Người khôn nhọc lo, đứa dại ăn no lại nằm.<br />
126. All men can’t be masters.<br />
—> Không phải ai cũng được sinh ra để lãnh đạo.<br />
127. All men do not follow in the footsteps of their forbears.<br />
—> Cha mẹ sinh con trời sinh tính.<br />
—> Sinh con há dễ sinh lòng.<br />
128. All professions are useful.<br />
—> Nghề nào cũng quý.<br />
129. All roads lead to Rome.<br />
—> Đường nào cũng dẫn tới La Mã.<br />
130. All that glitters is not gold.<br />
—> Cá vàng bụng bọ.<br />
—> Đom đóm sáng đằng đít.<br />
—> Tốt mã dẻ cùi.<br />
—> Tốt mã rã đám.<br />
—> Thế gian lắm kẻ mơ màng, thấy hòn son đỏ ngỡ vàng mới tô.<br />
—> Kìa ai lào lạo ngoài da, mà trong rỗng tếch như hoa muống rừng.<br />
131. All that live must die.<br />
—> Sinh giả tất tử ( Người ta ai cũng phải chết).<br />
132. All things are difficult before they are easy.<br />
—> Vạn sự khởi đầu nan (Chỉ mong gian nan đừng bắt đầu nản—> cái này thêm vào ).<br />
133. All truth is not always to be told.<br />
—> Sự thật cũng có lúc không nên nói.<br />
134. All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.<br />
—> Làm việc phải biết nghỉ ngơi.<br />
—> Làm việc có giờ, chơi có lúc.<br />
135. Although the sun shine leave not thy cloak at home.<br />
—> Cẩn tắc vô ưu.<br />
—> Nhân vô viễn lự tất hữu cận ưu.<br />
136. Among the blind the one-eyed man is king.<br />
—> Thằng chột làm vua xứ mù.<br />
137. An act of kindness is never wasted.<br />
—> Làm ơn không bao giờ thiệt.<br />
138. An ass is a lion’s skin.<br />
—> Cáo mượn oai hùm.<br />
139. An army marches on its stomach.<br />
—> Thực túc binh cường.<br />
140. An ass will always be an ass.<br />
—> Chó dại có mùa, người dại quanh năm.<br />
141. An empty sack cannot stand upright.<br />
—> Nghèo mỗi cái mỗi hèn.<br />
—> Khó sinh khốn.<br />
—> Khó mất thảo ngày, giàu sinh lễ nghĩa.<br />
142. An empty hand is no lure for a hawk.<br />
—> Không đấm mõm thì chẳng.<br />
—> Cao lễ dễ thưa.<br />
143. An empty vessel gives a greater sound than a full barrel.<br />
—> Thùng rỗng kêu to.<br />
144. An evil chance seldom comes alone.<br />
—> Phúc bất trùng lai, hoạ vô đơn chí.<br />
—> Phúc chẳng hai, tai chẳng một.<br />
145. An eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth.<br />
—> Lấy oán báo oán.<br />
—> Ân đền oán trả.<br />
146. An honest tale speeds best, being plainly told.<br />
—> Nói gần nói xa, chẳng qua nói thật.<br />
—> Văn hoa chẳng bằng nói thật.<br />
147. An hour in the morning is worth two in the evening.<br />
—> Buổi tối nghĩ sai, sáng mai nghĩ đúng.<br />
148. An idle brain is the devil’s workshop.<br />
—> Nhàn cư vi bất thiện.<br />
149. An old dog harks no in vain.<br />
—> Chó tinh chẳng sủa lỗ không<br />
150. An open door may tempt a saint.<br />
—> Đừng mang mỡ đến trước miệng mèo.<br />
—> Vàng bạc khêu gợi lòng tham con người.<br />
—> Cái tường thấp hay mời kẻ trộm đến.<br />
151. An ounce of prevention is better than a pound of cure.<br />
—> Phòng bệnh hơn chữa bệnh.<br />
152. An ounce of luck is better than a pound wisdom.<br />
—> May hơn khôn.<br />
—> Ông thời đi khỏi, ông giỏi nằm co.<br />
153. An ox is taken by the horns, and a man by the tounge.<br />
—> Thần khẩu hại xác phàm.<br />
—> Bệnh tòng khẩu nhập , họa tòng khẩu xuất.<br />
—> Nói quá vạ vào thân.<br />
154. An unfortunate man would be drowned in a tea-cup.<br />
—> Chết đuối gọi đền.<br />
—> Đi sông đi biển không chết, chết lỗ chân trâu.<br />
155. Anger and haste hinder good counsel.<br />
—> No mất ngon, giận mất khôn.<br />
156. Any port in a storm.<br />
—> Đau chân há miệng.<br />
—> CHết đuối vớ cả cọng rơm.<br />
157. Anything may happen.<br />
—> Không ai đoán được chữ ngờ.<br />
158. Appearances are deceitful.<br />
—> Chớ thấy đỏ mà ngỡ là chín.<br />
159. Appeteti comes with eating.<br />
—> Ăn quen bén mùi.<br />
—> Càng ăn càng thấy ngon.<br />
160. April showers bring forth May flowers.<br />
—> Xem lại câu 114 <a href="http://www.softvnn.com/forums/images/smilies/big%20grin.gif" rel="nofollow">http://www.softvnn.com/forums/images/smilies/big%20grin.gif</a>.<br />
161. As a man makes his bed so must he lie.<br />
—> Mình làm mình chịu.<br />
—> Có gan ăn cướp có gan chịu đòn.<br />
162. As the call, so the echo.<br />
—> Ác giả ác báo.<br />
—> Nợ có vay có trả.<br />
163. As the fool thinks, so the bell clinks.<br />
—> Thần linh cũng kinh đứa ngộ.<br />
164. As the old clock crows, so does the young.<br />
—> Cha làm sao con bào hao làm vậy.<br />
165. As the tree, so the fruit.<br />
—> Rau nào, sâu ấy.<br />
166. As the tree falls, so shall it lie.<br />
—> Nghiêng chiều nào, cây ngã chiều ấy.<br />
167. As the twig is bent, so the tree grows.<br />
—> Giỏ nhà ai, quai nhà nấy.<br />
—> Hổ phụ sinh hổ tử.<br />
—> Con nhà tông không giống lông cũng giống cánh.<br />
168. As well be hanged for a sheep as for a lamb.<br />
—> Trăm tội cũng một cái gông.<br />
169. As you brew, so must you drink.<br />
—> Xem lại câu 161 <a href="http://www.softvnn.com/forums/images/smilies/big%20grin.gif" rel="nofollow">http://www.softvnn.com/forums/images/smilies/big%20grin.gif</a>.<br />
170. As you make your bed, so must you lie on it.<br />
–> Tiếp tục xem lại câu 169.<br />
171. As you sow, so shall you reap.<br />
—> Trồng dưa đuợc dưa, trồng đậu đuợc đậu.<br />
172. At night all cats are grey.<br />
—> Xem lại câu 120 <a href="http://www.softvnn.com/forums/images/smilies/big%20grin.gif" rel="nofollow">http://www.softvnn.com/forums/images/smilies/big%20grin.gif</a>.<br />
Next<br />
1. Bab beginnings make worse endings.<br />
—> Đầu xưôi đuôi chẳng lọt.<br />
2. Bab news has wings.<br />
—> Tiếng lành đồn gần, tiếng dữ đồn xa.<br />
3. Barking dogs seldom bite.<br />
—> Chó sủa là chó không cắn.<br />
4. Be just before you are dangerous.<br />
—> Làm phúc quá tay, ăn mày không kịp.<br />
5. Be slow to promise and quick to perform.<br />
—> Đừng hứa mà hãy làm.<br />
6. Be sure before you marry of a house where in to tarry.<br />
—> Làm nhà rồi mới cưới vợ.<br />
—> Lập chí rồi mới lập thân.<br />
7. Beauty and fooly are often companions.<br />
—> Vẻ đẹp và sự ngu ngốc thường là bạn đồng hành.<br />
8. Beauty is but skin deep.<br />
—> Cái nết đánh chết cái đẹp.<br />
9. Beauty lies in lover’s eyes.<br />
—> Yêu nhau chín bỏ làm mười.<br />
—> Yêu nhau mọi việc chẳng nề, dù trăm chỗ lệch cũng kê cho bằng.<br />
10. Before you make a friend eat a bushel of salt with him.<br />
—> Thức đêm mới biết đêm dài, ở lâu mới biết lòng người dở hay.<br />
11. Beggars’ bags are bottomless.<br />
—> Túi (lòng) tham vô đấy.<br />
12. Baggers can’t be chossers.<br />
—> Ăn mày mà đòi xôi gấc.<br />
—> Ăn trộm chê vải hẹp khổ.<br />
13. Best is cheapest.<br />
—> Của rẻ là của ôi.<br />
—>Tiền nào của ấy.<br />
14. Better a glorious death than a shameful life.<br />
—> Chết vinh còn hơn sống nhục.<br />
—>Chết trong còn hơn sống đục.<br />
15. Better a lean peace than a fat victory.<br />
—> Dĩ hoà vi quý.<br />
—> Một câu nhịn, chín câu lành.<br />
16. Better a poor compromise than a strong case.<br />
—>Thua kiện mười bốn quan năm, được kiện mười lăm quan chẵn.<br />
17. Better an egg today than a hen tomorrow.<br />
—> Đa hư bất như thiểu thực.<br />
—> Thà rằng được sẻ trên tay, còn hơn được hứa trên mây hạc vàng.<br />
18. Better be the head of a dog than the tall of a lion.<br />
—>Đầu gà hơn đuôi trâu (?!?)<br />
19. Better be alone than in ill company.<br />
—> Chọn bạn mà chơi.<br />
20. Better be born lucky than wise.<br />
—> May hơn khôn.<br />
—> Ông thời đi khỏi, ông giỏi nằm co.<br />
21. Better bend than break.<br />
—> Ngộ biến phải tùng quyền.<br />
—> Tránh voi chẳng xấu mặt nào.<br />
—> Nhu thắng cương, nhược thắng cừơng.<br />
22. Better buy than borrow.<br />
—> Thà mua còn hơn đi muợn.<br />
23. better die standing than live kneeling.<br />
—> Chết đứng hơn sống quỳ.<br />
24. Better early than late.<br />
—> Đi sớm ngừa hơn đi trưa chạy.<br />
25. Better go round than fall into the ditch.<br />
—> Đi vòng mà đến đích hơn là đi thẳng mà ngã.<br />
26. Better joy in a cottage than sorrow in a palace.<br />
—> Thà vui vẻ trong túp kều tranh còn hơn sầu khổ trong toà lâu đài.<br />
27. Better late than never.<br />
—> Muộn còn hơn không.<br />
28. Better lose the saddle than the horse.<br />
—> Thà mất yên ngựa còn hơn mất ngựa ( thà mất cái nhỏ còn hơn mất cái lớn).<br />
29. Better the foot slip than the tounge.<br />
—>Nhanh tay hơn mau miệng.<br />
—> Hay làm hơn hay nói.<br />
—> Năng thuyết bất năng hành ( Hay nói thì chẳng hay làm).<br />
30. Better to ask the way than go astray.<br />
—> Muốn biết phải hỏi.<br />
31. Better to reign in the hell, than serve in heaven.<br />
—> Làm vua một làng hơn làm quan một nước.<br />
32. Better untaught than illtaught.<br />
—> Dốt đặt hơn hay chữ lỏng.<br />
33. Between the cup and the lip a morsel mat slip.<br />
—> Cơm vào miệng còn rơi.<br />
34. Between two evils’ tis not worth choosing.<br />
—> Lòng vả cũng như lòng sung.<br />
35. Between two stools you fall to the ground.<br />
—> Bắt cá hai tay.<br />
—> Lắm mối tối không nằm.<br />
36. Beware of a silent dog and till water.<br />
—> Tầm ngẩm tầm ngầm mà đấm chết voi.<br />
—> Thủ thỉ nhưng mà quỷ ma.<br />
—> Lù đù vác cái lu mà chạy.<br />
37. Beware of no man more than thyself.<br />
—> Nhân vô thập toàn.<br />
38. Birds of a teacher flock together.<br />
—> Ngưu tầm ngưu, mã tầm mã.<br />
39. Blessed is be that expects nothing, for he shall never be disappointed.<br />
—> Ngừơi không cầu mong điều gì là người được nhiều nhất.<br />
—> Biết đủ là giàu nhất.<br />
40. Blood is thicker than water.<br />
—> Một giọt máu đào hơn ao nước lã.<br />
—> Máu loãng hơn nước đặc (lã).<br />
41. Burn not your house to rid it of the mouse.<br />
—> Giận con rận đốt cái áo.<br />
42. business before pleasure.<br />
—> Làm xong việc đi chơi mới thoải mái.<br />
43. Business is business.<br />
—> Ăn cho, buôn áo.<br />
—> Quân pháp bất vị thân.<br />
44. By doing nothing we learn to do ill.<br />
—> Nhàn cư vi bất thiện.<br />
Next<br />
1. Calamity is man’s true touchstone.<br />
—> Lửa thử vàng, gian nan thử sức.<br />
—> Vô hoạn nạn bất anh hùng.<br />
2. Call a spade a spade.<br />
—> Nói gần nói xa chẳng qua nói thật.<br />
3. Care killed the cat.<br />
—> Đói rụng râu, sầu rụng tóc.<br />
4. Carry coals to Newcastle.<br />
—> Chở củi về rừng.<br />
—> Gánh vàng vô kho.<br />
5. Catch the bear before you sell his skin.<br />
—> Chưa đỗ ông nghè đã đe hàng tổng.<br />
6. Caution is the parent of safety.<br />
—> Cẩn tắc vô ưu.<br />
7. Charity begins at home.<br />
—> Thương trong nhà rồi mới thương ra.<br />
—> Hết trong nhà mới ra ngoài ngõ.<br />
8. Cheapest is the dearest.<br />
—> Của rẻ là của ôi.<br />
9.Cheats never prosper.<br />
—> Của phi nghĩa có giàu đâu.<br />
10. Cheek brings success.<br />
—> Có chí làm quan, có gan làm giàu.<br />
—> Có chí có gan, gian nan vượt tuốt.<br />
11. Children are poor men’s riches.<br />
—> Giàu con hơn giàu của.<br />
—> Có vàng vàng chẳng hay phô, có con con nói trầm trồ mẹ nghe.<br />
12. Choose a wife by your ear rather than by your eye.<br />
—> Cưới vợ hỏi thăm hàng xóm.<br />
13. Circumstances alter cases.<br />
—> Hoàn cảnh biện minh hành động.<br />
14. Claw me, and i will claw thee.<br />
—> Hãy đề cao tôi, tôi sẽ đề cao anh.<br />
—> Cây đa cậy thần, thần cậy cây đa.<br />
15. Cleanliness is next to godliness.<br />
—> Nhà sạch thì mát, bát sạch ngon cơm.<br />
16. Cloudy mornings give way to clear evening.<br />
—>Hết cơn bĩ cực đến hồi thái lai.<br />
—> Khổ tận cam lai.<br />
17.Comfort is better than pride.<br />
—> Ăn chắc, mặc bền.<br />
18.Coming evens cast their shadows before.<br />
—> Những biến cố thường có những dấu hiệu đi trước.<br />
19. Company in distress makes trouble less.<br />
—> Sống hợp quần gian truân nào đáng sợ.<br />
20. Contentment is better than riches.<br />
—> Thích chí hơn phú quý.<br />
21. Corn is the staff of life.<br />
—> Cơm tẻ là mẹ ruột.<br />
22. Courtesy costs nothing.<br />
—> Lời nói chẳng mất tiền mua, lựa lời mà nói cho vừa lòng nhau.<br />
23. Criticism is easy and art is difficult.<br />
—> Chê dễ làm ko dễ.<br />
24. Cross the stream where it is shallowest<br />
—> Làm người phải đắn phải đo, phải cân nặng nhẹ phải dò nông sâu.<br />
25. Crows do not pick crow’s eyes.<br />
—> Quạ chẳng mổ mắt quạ.<br />
—> Trộm chẳng lấy của trộm.<br />
26. Curiosity killed a cat.<br />
—> Biết nhiều chóng già (ý nói tò mò ko tốt).<br />
27. Curse like chikens come home to roost.<br />
—> Ngậm máu phun người dơ miệng mình.<br />
28. Custom is a second nature.<br />
—> Thói quen là thiên tính.<br />
29. Custom rules the law.<br />
—> Luật pháp là tục lệ.<br />
—> Phép vua thua lệ làng.<br />
30. Cut your coat according to your cloth.<br />
—> Liệu gió bỏ buồm.<br />
—> Liệu cơm gắp mắm.<br />
—> Lịêu bò đo chuồng<br />
trích <a href="http://www.ispace.edu.vn/forum" rel="nofollow">http://www.ispace.edu.vn/forum</a><br />
Thành ngữ bắt đầu bằng chữ A (English only)<br />
A bit much<br />
If something is excessive or annoying, it is a bit much.<br />
A day late and a dollar short<br />
(USA) If something is a day late and a dollar short, it is too little, too late.<br />
A fool and his money are soon parted<br />
This idiom means that people who aren’t careful with their money spend it quickly.<br />
‘A fool and his money are easily parted’ is an alternative form of the idiom.<br />
A little bird told me<br />
If someone doesn’t want to say where they got some information from, they can say that a little bird told them.<br />
A little learning is a dangerous thing<br />
A small amount of knowledge can cause people to think they are more expert than they really <span class="skimlinks-unlinked">are.eg</span>.
he said he’d done a course on home electrics, but when he tried to mend
my table lamp, he fused all the lights! I think a little learning is a
dangerous thing<br />
A OK<br />
If things are A OK, they are absolutely fine.<br />
A penny for your thoughts<br />
This idiom is used as a way of asking someone what they are thinking about.<br />
A penny saved is a penny earned<br />
This means that we shouldn’t spend or waste money, but try to save it.<br />
A picture is worth a thousand words<br />
A picture can often get a message across much better than the best verbal description.<br />
A poor man’s something<br />
Something or someone that can be compared to something or someone else,
but is not as good is a poor man’s version; a writer who uses lots of
puns but isn’t very funny would be a poor man’s Oscar Wilde.<br />
A pretty penny<br />
If something costs a pretty penny, it is very expensive.<br />
A rising tide lifts all boats<br />
This idiom, coined by John F Kennedy, describes the idea that when an
economy is performing well, all people will benefit from it.<br />
A rolling stone gathers no moss<br />
People say this to mean that that a go-getter type person is more successful than a person not doing any thing.<br />
A steal<br />
If something is a steal, it costs much less than it is really worth.<br />
A1<br />
If something is A1, it is the very best or finest.<br />
Abide by a decision<br />
If you abide by a decision, you accept it and comply with it, even though you might disagree with it.<br />
Abject lesson<br />
(India) An abject lesson serves as a warning to others.<br />
(In some varieties of English ‘object lesson’ is used.)<br />
About as useful as a chocolate teapot<br />
Someone or something that is of no practical use is about as useful as a chocolate teapot.<br />
About face<br />
If someone changes their mind completely, this is an about face. It can
be used when companies, governments, etc, change their position on an
issue.<br />
Above board<br />
If things are done above board, they are carried out in a legal and proper manner.<br />
Absence makes the heart grow fonder<br />
This idiom means that when people are apart, their love grows stronger.<br />
Accident waiting to happen<br />
If something is an accident waiting to happen, there’s definitely going to be an accident or it’s bound to go wrong.<br />
(‘Disaster waiting to happen’ is also used.)<br />
Ace up your sleeve<br />
If you have an ace up your sleeve, you have something that will give you an advantage that other people don’t know about.<br />
Achilles’ heel<br />
A person’s weak spot is their Achilles’ heel.<br />
Acid test<br />
An acid test is something that proves whether something is good, effective, etc, or not.<br />
Across the board<br />
If something applies to everybody, it applies across the board.<br />
Across the ditch<br />
(NZ) This idiom means on the other side of the Tasman Sea, used to refer
to Australia or New Zealand depending on the speaker’s location.<br />
Across the pond<br />
(UK) This idiom means on the other side of the Atlantic Ocean, used to
refer to the US or the UK depending on the speaker’s location.<br />
Actions speak louder than words<br />
This idiom means that what people actually do is more important than
what they say- people can promise things but then fail to deliver.<br />
Adam’s apple<br />
The Adam’s apple is a bulge in the throat, mostly seen in men.<br />
Add fuel to the fire<br />
If people add fuel to the fire, they make a bad situation worse.<br />
Add insult to injury<br />
When people add insult to injury, they make a bad situation even worse.<br />
After your own heart<br />
A person after your own heart thinks the same way as you.<br />
Against the clock<br />
If you do something against the clock, you are rushed and have very little time to do it.<br />
Against the grain<br />
If doing something goes against the grain, you’re unwilling to do it
because it contradicts what you believe in, but you have no real choice.<br />
Age before beauty<br />
When this idiom is used, it is a way of allowing an older person to do
something first, though often in a slightly sarcastic way.<br />
Agony aunt<br />
An agony aunt is a newspaper columnist who gives advice to people having problems, especially personal ones.<br />
Ahead of the pack<br />
If you are ahead of the pack, you have made more progress than your rivals.<br />
Ahead of time<br />
If something happens ahead of time, it happens early or before the set time.<br />
Albatross around your neck<br />
An albatross around, or round, your neck is a problem resulting from something you did that stops you from being successful.<br />
Alike as two peas<br />
If people or things are as alike as two peas, they are identical.<br />
All along<br />
If you have known or suspected something all along, then you have felt this from the beginning.<br />
Thành ngữ bắt đầu bằng chữ B (English only)<br />
back and forth<br />
– backwards and forwards, first one way and then the other way<br />
The argument went back and forth before the judge made a decision.<br />
back down (from someone or something)<br />
– to fail to carry through on a threat to do something<br />
The government backed down from their plan to sell the national<br />
airline.<br />
back in circulation<br />
– to be available to the public again (a library book)<br />
The books were back in circulation after we returned them to the<br />
library.<br />
back in circulation<br />
– to be socially active again (after the breakup of a relationship<br />
between two people)<br />
My friend stopped seeing his girlfriend and he is now back in<br />
circulation.<br />
back of beyond<br />
– somewhere very remote<br />
Every summer we go to the back of beyond for a camping trip.<br />
back on one`s feet<br />
– to return to good financial or physical health<br />
My friend is back on his feet after his company went out of business.<br />
back out (of something)<br />
– to withdraw from an agreement or promise<br />
The company backed out of the agreement with the foreign firm.<br />
back the wrong horse<br />
– to support someone or something that cannot win or succeed<br />
We backed the wrong horse in the election and our candidate lost badly.<br />
back-to-back<br />
– something follows immediately after something else, two people<br />
touching backs<br />
There were two back-to-back games today because of the rain last week.<br />
back to square one<br />
– to go back to the beginning of something<br />
The city was back to square one in their effort to build a new bridge.<br />
back to the drawing board<br />
– to go back and start a project or idea from the beginning<br />
The boss does not like our idea so we must go back to the drawing<br />
board.<br />
back to the salt mines<br />
– to return to work or return to something else that you do not want to<br />
do<br />
We finished our lunch and went back to the salt mines.<br />
back up (someone or something)<br />
– to support someone or something<br />
The doctor made a mistake and the hospital refused to back him up.<br />
bad blood (between people)<br />
– unpleasant feelings between people<br />
There was much bad blood between the three brothers.<br />
bad-mouth (someone or something)<br />
– to say bad things about someone or something<br />
The supervisor has the habit of bad-mouthing her boss.<br />
bag of tricks<br />
– a collection of special techniques or methods<br />
The teacher has a bag of tricks to keep her students occupied.<br />
bail out (of something)<br />
– to abandon a situation, to jump out of an airplane<br />
The plan to buy a summer home with our friends was becoming too<br />
expensive so we decided to bail out.<br />
bail (someone) out<br />
– to pay a sum of money that allows someone to get out of jail while<br />
waiting for a trial<br />
The singer had to pay much money to bail himself out of prison.<br />
bail (someone or something) out<br />
– to help or rescue someone or something<br />
The government decided to bail out the troubled bank.<br />
balance the books<br />
– to check that all the money in a business is accounted for<br />
The accountant spent several days trying to balance the books of his company.<br />
ball of fire<br />
– an active and energetic person<br />
The woman is a ball of fire and is always busy doing something.<br />
bang/beat one’s head against the wall<br />
– to try to do something that is hopeless<br />
I am banging my head against the wall when I try to ask my boss for<br />
something.<br />
bank on (someone or something)<br />
– to be sure of someone or something, to count on someone or something<br />
You can bank on my sister to help you.<br />
baptism of fire<br />
– a first experience of something (often difficult or unpleasant)<br />
We went through a baptism of fire when we had to learn how to operate<br />
the small business.<br />
bargain for (something)<br />
– to anticipate something, to take something into account<br />
The difficulty of the job was more than I had bargained for.<br />
bargain on (something)<br />
– to plan or expect something<br />
We did not bargain on having heavy rain during our summer birthday<br />
party.<br />
barge in on (someone or something)<br />
– to interrupt someone or something, to intrude on someone or something<br />
My sister often barges in on me when I am with my friends.<br />
bark is worse than one`s bite<br />
– someone is not as bad as they sound<br />
“Don`t worry if the boss gets angry – his bark is worse than his bite.”<br />
bark up the wrong tree<br />
– to make a wrong assumption about something<br />
The police are barking up the wrong tree in their investigation of the<br />
criminal.<br />
base one’s opinion on (something)<br />
– to form an opinion from something<br />
I based my opinion on the man’s previous work and decided not to give<br />
him a job.<br />
batten down the hatches<br />
– to prepare for difficult times, to close the hatches in a boat before<br />
a storm<br />
A big storm was coming so we decided to batten down the hatches and<br />
stay home.<br />
bawl out (someone)<br />
– to scold someone loudly<br />
The woman bawled out her child in the supermarket.<br />
be Idioms<br />
be a new one on (someone)<br />
– to be something one has not heard before and something that is<br />
difficult to believe<br />
It was a new one on me when my friend said that he was studying<br />
Russian.<br />
be all ears<br />
– to listen eagerly and carefully<br />
The boy was all ears when the teacher described the circus.<br />
be all things to all people<br />
– to be everything that is wanted by all people<br />
The politician tries to be all things to all people and it is difficult<br />
to know what she really believes.<br />
be curtains for (someone or something)<br />
– to be the end or death for someone or something<br />
It was curtains for my old car when it finally broke down last week.<br />
be game<br />
– to be ready for action or agreeable to participate in something<br />
All of the students were game to go to the science exhibition.<br />
be into (something)<br />
– to be interested or involved in something<br />
My friend is very much into music and writing songs.<br />
be of the persuasion that (something) is so<br />
– to believe that something is true or exists<br />
My grandfather is of the persuasion that it is more important to work<br />
than to go to school.<br />
be off<br />
– to leave or depart<br />
I plan to be off very early tomorrow morning to go to the airport.<br />
be off to a bad start<br />
– to start something under bad circumstances<br />
The production of the play was off to a bad start when the lights did<br />
not work.<br />
be off on the wrong foot<br />
– to start something under bad circumstances<br />
I tried to talk to my new neighbor but it seems that we are off on the<br />
wrong foot already.<br />
be that as it may<br />
– even if what you say is true<br />
“Be that as it may, we are not going to permit the school dance to take<br />
place.”<br />
be the case<br />
– to be true, to be an actual situation<br />
“I do not care if it was the case last year, this year we will do things differently.”<br />
be the death of (someone)<br />
– to be the ruin/downfall/death of someone (often used for some kind of<br />
problem)<br />
The woman said that her young son’s bad behavior would be the death of<br />
her.<br />
be to blame<br />
– to be responsible for something bad or unfortunate<br />
He is not to blame for breaking the computer.<br />
.<br />
bear/hold a grudge (against someone)<br />
– to continue to be angry at someone, to resent someone<br />
The woman continued to bear a grudge against her friend for many years.<br />
bear fruit<br />
– to yield or give results<br />
The girl’s hard work began to bear fruit when she won the dance<br />
contest.<br />
bear in mind<br />
– to consider that something is so<br />
We have to bear in mind that the child is only three years old when he<br />
does something bad.<br />
bear one’s cross<br />
– to carry or bear a burden<br />
Raising three children on her own was the way that the woman had to<br />
bear her cross.<br />
bear (someone or something) in mind<br />
– to remember and think about someone or something<br />
We had to bear in mind that the child was only three years old.<br />
bear (something) out<br />
– to prove that something is right<br />
The man’s constant lateness bore out the fact that he could never<br />
continue with one job for a long time.<br />
bear the brunt of (something)<br />
– to withstand the worst part or the strongest part of something<br />
The small island bore the brunt of the tropical storm.<br />
bear with (someone or something)<br />
– to be patient with someone or something, to endure someone or<br />
something<br />
We had to bear with our teacher as she explained the material to the<br />
new students.<br />
beat a hasty retreat<br />
– to retreat or withdraw very quickly<br />
The soldiers beat a hasty retreat when the guerrillas attacked them.<br />
beat a path to (someone’s) door<br />
– to come to someone in great numbers<br />
The customers beat a path to the door of the computer game store.<br />
beat around the bush<br />
– to speak indirectly or evasively<br />
“Stop beating around the bush and give us your final decision.”<br />
beat one’s brains out<br />
– to work very hard (to do something)<br />
We beat our brains out in order to think of a name for the new<br />
magazine.<br />
beat one’s head against the wall<br />
– to waste one’s time trying to do something that is hopeless<br />
I was beating my head against the wall to try and convince my friend to<br />
come to the restaurant.<br />
beat (someone) to the punch/draw<br />
– to do something before others<br />
My friend beat me to the punch and arrived at the interview first.<br />
beat (something) into (someone’s) head<br />
– to force someone to learn something<br />
The teacher thinks that she must beat the material into the heads of<br />
the students.<br />
beat the clock<br />
– to finish something before the time is up<br />
The basketball team worked hard to beat the clock and win the game.<br />
beat the living daylights out of (someone)<br />
– to beat someone severely<br />
The two men beat the living daylights out of the man at the gas<br />
station.<br />
beat the rap<br />
– to escape conviction and punishment (for a crime)<br />
The man beat the rap and did not have to go to jail.<br />
beat the tar out of (someone)<br />
– to beat someone severely<br />
The older boy beat the tar out of the young boy in the schoolyard.<br />
beat up (someone)<br />
– to harm someone by hitting or beating them<br />
The young boys beat up one of the older students.<br />
.<br />
becoming on/to (someone)<br />
– to make someone look good<br />
The red dress looked very becoming on my girlfriend.<br />
(no) bed of roses<br />
– a situation that is happy and comfortable (usually used in the<br />
negative)<br />
The new job was very difficult and certainly no bed of roses.</span><span style="color: blue;"><br />
(have a) bee in one`s bonnet<br />
– to have an idea that continually occupies one`s thoughts.<br />
My friend has a bee in her bonnet about going to Europe next year.<br />
beef up (something)<br />
– to make something stronger<br />
The police beefed up the security around the convention site.<br />
before long<br />
– soon<br />
I had to wait a few minutes but before long my friend arrived to meet<br />
me.<br />
beg the question<br />
– to invite the question that follows<br />
The purchase of the expensive car begged the question of where the man<br />
got the money.<br />
beg to differ with (someone)<br />
– to politely disagree with someone<br />
“I’m sorry but I beg to differ with you about what happened.”<br />
begin to see the light<br />
– to begin to understand</span></span></div>
Vu Thi Phuong Anhhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11263378523301439180noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-764967974780583729.post-5028825121552259262015-01-17T04:29:00.004-08:002015-01-17T04:29:46.130-08:00Teaching English using videos (Onestop English)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="color: blue;"><a href="http://www.onestopenglish.com/support/methodology/teaching-technologies/teaching-technologies-teaching-english-using-video/146527.article">http://www.onestopenglish.com/support/methodology/teaching-technologies/teaching-technologies-teaching-english-using-video/146527.article</a></span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">---------------------</span><br />
<div class="storytext">
<h1>
<span style="color: blue;">Teaching technologies: teaching English using video</span></h1>
<div class="byline">
<span style="color: blue;"><span class="author">By Mark McKinnon</span></span>
</div>
<div class="meta">
<span style="color: blue;"><strong>Type:</strong> Reference material </span></div>
<div class="page_options">
<span style="color: blue;"><br /></span>
</div>
<div class="standfirst">
<span style="color: blue;">An article offering advice and suggestions on how to teach English using video.</span></div>
<hr />
<div class="boxout">
<span style="color: blue;">Video is a valuable and possibly
underused classroom tool. There is always the temptation to simply put a
video on at the end of term and let our students watch a film without
even challenging them to be actively involved.</span></div>
<span style="color: blue;">Video as a
listening tool can enhance the listening experience for our students. We
very rarely hear a disembodied voice in real life but as teachers we
constantly ask our students to work with recorded conversations of
people they never see. This is often necessary in the limited confines
of the language school and sometimes justifiable, for example, when we
give students telephone practice. However, we can add a whole new
dimension to aural practice in the classroom by using video. The
setting, action, emotions, gestures, etc, that our students can observe
in a video clip, provide an important visual stimulus for language
production and practice.</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">There are many things we can do with
these clips. Here I would like to demonstrate a wide variety of them.
These lesson plans refer to specific films which have been released
recently, however, they could be adapted for use with a similar scene in
a different film depending on availability. In the following lessons I
have tried not to concentrate too much on specific dialogue that
students may not be able to pick up, this allows lower level students to
be creative in the classroom using video as a stepping stone to fun and
communicative activities.</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">The activities involve <span class="content-emphasis">pre-viewing</span>, <span class="content-emphasis">while-viewing</span> and <span class="content-emphasis">post-viewing</span> tasks.</span><br />
<hr />
<h2>
<span style="color: blue;"><span class="heading-sub"><span class="heading-sub">Split viewing</span></span></span></h2>
<span style="color: blue;"><br />
Some students see and hear a sequence; others only hear it. A variety
of activities can then follow based on an information-gap procedure. In
this particular lesson those students who see and hear the clip from
Pearl Harbour are eyewitnesses to the dramatic event, the others are
journalists working for a radio station who have to conduct a live
interview. Students are not asked to pay attention to any specific
dialogue but relay their experience of the scene they have just
witnessed to a horrified public. This is particularly good for past
tenses and intermediate levels.</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br /></span> <span style="color: blue;"><a class="intextlink" href="http://www.onestopenglish.com/support/methodology/teaching-technologies/teaching-technologies-teaching-english-using-video/146527.article#ID_bottom" title="Link: bottom">Download</a> the Split Viewing lesson at the bottom of the page.</span> <hr />
<h2>
<span style="color: blue;"><span class="heading-sub"><span class="heading-sub">Vision on/ Sound off</span></span></span></h2>
<span style="color: blue;"><br />
Students view a scene with the sound turned off. They then predict the
content of the scene, write their own script and perform it while
standing next to the television. After the performances students watch
the scene with the sound on and decide which group was the funniest or
the nearest to the original. This is a good fun exercise. In this
particular emotionally charged scene from High Fidelity, three people
who work in a record shop have an argument. It is very graphic with
plenty of gestures to stimulate the imagination. Good for intermediate
levels.</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br /></span> <div class="quote-box">
<span style="color: blue;"><a class="intextlink" href="http://www.onestopenglish.com/support/methodology/teaching-technologies/teaching-technologies-teaching-english-using-video/146527.article#ID_bottom" title="Link: bottom">Download</a> the vision on/sound off lesson at the bottom of the page.</span></div>
<hr />
<h2>
<span style="color: blue;"><span class="heading-sub"><span class="heading-sub">Observe and write</span></span></span></h2>
<span style="color: blue;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="ID_observewrite"></a><br />
Students view a scene (this always works better if there is a lot
happening) then write a newspaper article on what they have witnessed.
This lesson is based on the fight scene from Bridget Jones’s Diary,
students work for a local newspaper and have to write an article on a
fight between two men over a beautiful, young girl. Pre-viewing and
while-viewing tasks allow them to work on new vocabulary, while the
post-viewing task gives them plenty of practice on past tenses. Good for
intermediate levels.</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br /></span> <div class="quote-box">
<span style="color: blue;"><a class="intextlink" href="http://www.onestopenglish.com/support/methodology/teaching-technologies/teaching-technologies-teaching-english-using-video/146527.article#ID_bottom" title="Link: bottom">Download</a> the observe and write lesson at the bottom of the page.</span></div>
<hr />
<h2>
<span style="color: blue;"><span class="heading-sub"><span class="heading-sub">Video dictogloss</span></span></span></h2>
<span style="color: blue;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="ID_dictogloss"></a><br />
This follows the dictogloss method of dictation and can easily be
adapted to video. Students watch the scene a few times and write the
main words and short phrases that a particular character says. Each
group is given a character and is encouraged to listen and exchange
information, this usually works better if there are two characters in
the scene. Working with someone from a different group, they then write
the script for the scene, incorporating both characters. As they will
not have managed to write down the whole script from the listening
exercises they will have to use their imagination and fill in the gaps.
This gives them an excellent opportunity to work on grammar. This lesson
is based on the hilarious restaurant scene from As Good As It Gets and
is best suited to higher levels. The pre-viewing and while-viewing tasks
give plenty of practice with food vocabulary.</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br /></span> <span style="color: blue;"><a class="intextlink" href="http://www.onestopenglish.com/support/methodology/teaching-technologies/teaching-technologies-teaching-english-using-video/146527.article#ID_bottom" title="Link: bottom">Download</a> the video dictogloss lesson at the bottom of the page.</span><br />
<hr />
<h2>
<span style="color: blue;"><span class="heading-sub"><span class="heading-sub">Watch and observe</span></span></span></h2>
<span style="color: blue;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="ID_watchobserve"></a><br />
This is a good lesson for lower levels because students only have to
focus on a minimum of spoken dialogue. Students watch a scene from a
film which has lots of things that they can see and therefore write in
their vocabulary books. You can teach and test your students’ vocabulary
by asking a series of true/ false questions and asking them to put a
series of events in order. This lesson is based on the kitchen scene
from Unbreakable where David Dunn (Bruce Willis) is held at gunpoint by
his son.</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br /></span> <span style="color: blue;"><a class="intextlink" href="http://www.onestopenglish.com/support/methodology/teaching-technologies/teaching-technologies-teaching-english-using-video/146527.article#ID_bottom" title="Link: bottom">Download</a> the watch and observe lesson at the bottom of the page.</span><br />
<hr />
<h2>
<span style="color: blue;"><span class="heading-sub"><span class="heading-sub">Video as a listening tool - pronunciation</span></span></span></h2>
<span style="color: blue;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="ID_listeningtool"></a><br />
In some listening exercises we must concentrate on specific dialogue to
enable our students to learn. It is necessary to challenge them to
listen when dealing with features of pronunciation. I find movies
provide a good source of authentic listening material for the practice
of pronunciation and I use them accordingly. This particular movie
exercise deals with connected speech, in particular prominence (or
sentence stress). Without going into too much detail here, English is a
stressed-timed language, meaning that certain syllables in a sentence
have prominence therefore create a beat, other syllables tend to be said
quickly making it difficult for our students to hear. Prominence, which
is the speaker’s choice, is used to convey meaning. This is exactly
what I want to exploit here. The movie is Family Man and uses the scene
where Jack returns home after abandoning his family on Christmas morning
and has to take the resulting tongue-lashing from his wife Kate. It
involves a recognition exercise which helps students hear that some
parts of the sentences are prominent and they are Kate’s choice. It also
has an argument role-play allowing students to practice sentence stress
in context. The use of video is an advantage here as it is an emotional
scene with lots of gestures, adding weight to the situation.</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br /></span> <span style="color: blue;"><a class="intextlink" href="http://www.onestopenglish.com/support/methodology/teaching-technologies/teaching-technologies-teaching-english-using-video/146527.article#ID_bottom" title="Link: bottom">Download</a> the pronunciation lesson at the bottom of the page.</span><br />
<hr />
<h2>
<span style="color: blue;"><span class="heading-sub"><span class="heading-sub">Video as a listening tool - elementary video class</span></span></span></h2>
<span style="color: blue;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="ID_elementary"></a><br />
By the time students get to elementary level they have the level of
grammar for more complex communication. It’s motivating for them at this
stage to enjoy and understand a real movie clip. There are different
ways in which we can help them do this. This exercise involves working
with a conversation as a jumbled text first then using the movie to
check. Conversations normally have a logical order and movies are a
great source. There is a role-play which encourages students to practise
conversational English.</span> <span style="color: blue;"><br /></span> <span style="color: blue;"><a class="intextlink" href="http://www.onestopenglish.com/support/methodology/teaching-technologies/teaching-technologies-teaching-english-using-video/146527.article#ID_bottom" title="Link: bottom">Download</a> the vision lesson for elementary students at the bottom of the page.</span><br />
<hr />
<h2>
<span style="color: blue;"><span class="heading-sub"><span class="heading-sub">Links</span></span></span></h2>
<span style="color: blue;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="ID_links"></a><br />
The link below is for a site offering free online video clips designed
for ESL classrooms. The clips are designed to make everyday English
accessible to learners at the elementary level. The speech is authentic,
the diversity of American accents and those other English-speaking
cultures is extremely rich, but it is broken down into universally
recognized structures, from the simplest to the more advanced. The
material is authentic, the language is real, but this reality has
finally become manageable, i.e., useable for students working alone, and
a godsend for teachers.<a class="anchor" href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="ID_bottom">Anchor Point:bottom</a></span> <span style="color: blue;"><br /></span> <span style="color: blue;"><a class="pagealias newWindow" href="http://www.onestopenglish.com/x_links/36445" id="alias_36445" title="Link: www.real-english.com/">www.real-english.com</a></span><br />
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<span style="color: blue;"><strong>Level:</strong> Elementary <strong>Type:</strong> General lesson plan <img alt="Print material" src="http://www.onestopenglish.com/magazine/graphics/story_icon_4.gif" /></span>
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Vu Thi Phuong Anhhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11263378523301439180noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-764967974780583729.post-91241217506294396792015-01-03T04:00:00.003-08:002015-01-03T04:00:35.214-08:00Forty strange facts about the English language <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Source: <a href="http://thenewdaily.com.au/entertainment/2014/12/21/awesome-facts-english/">http://thenewdaily.com.au/entertainment/2014/12/21/awesome-facts-english/</a><br />
-----------<br />
<span style="color: blue;">Did you know any of these?</span><br />
<h1 class="article-title">
<span style="color: blue;">Forty strange facts about the English language</span></h1>
<span style="color: blue;">
</span><div class="article-share">
<div class="addthis_toolbox addthis_counter_style">
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<span style="color: blue;">
</span><div class="byline">
<div class="col">
<span style="color: blue;"><span class="authorset">
<a class="author-pic" data-navtype="page" data-tpl="author" href="http://thenewdaily.com.au/author/jackson-stiles/">
<img src="http://thenewdaily.com.au/image/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/jackson.jpg?w=75&h=75" />
</a>
<span class="publish-time">Dec 21, 2014</span><br />
<a class="post-author" data-navtype="page" data-tpl="author" href="http://thenewdaily.com.au/author/jackson-stiles/">Jackson Stiles</a> Advisor Editor<br />
</span></span>
</div>
<div class="col iconset">
<span style="color: blue;"><span class="comment-count"><a href="http://thenewdaily.com.au/entertainment/2014/12/21/awesome-facts-english/#comments">5</a></span></span>
</div>
</div>
<span style="color: blue;">
</span><div class="article-intro">
<span style="color: blue;">A logophilic English author and blogger shares some of this
favourite facts about what is arguably the world’s weirdest language.</span><br />
</div>
<span style="color: blue;">
</span><div class="article-lead">
<div class="slider detail-slider">
<div class="slides">
<figure class="current-slide" data-slide-post="awesome-facts-english" style="position: relative;">
<span style="color: blue;"><img alt="English dictionary" height="208" src="http://thenewdaily.com.au/image/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/english-dictionary.jpg?w=740&h=385&zc=1&q=90&a=c" width="400" /></span>
<figcaption>
<div title="Do you know what gandermooner means?">
<span style="color: blue;">Do you know what gandermooner means? <em>Photo: Getty</em></span></div>
</figcaption>
</figure>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<span style="color: blue;">
</span><div class="article-entry">
<span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;">English is awesome and weird and full of words and rules that make absolutely no sense. And that’s why we love it.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;">No one loves it more than Paul Anthony Jones, one of the world’s foremost logophiles.</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">
</span><div style="padding-left: 30px;">
<span style="color: blue;"><br /><a href="http://thenewdaily.com.au/money/2014/12/10/avoid-christmas-debt-hangover/" target="_blank"><strong></strong></a></span></div>
<span style="color: blue;">
</span><div class="wp-caption alignright" id="attachment_182044" style="width: 200px;">
<span style="color: blue;"><a href="http://thenewdaily.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/paul-anthony-jones1.jpg"><img alt="Paul Anthony Jones" class="wp-image-182044" height="183" src="http://thenewdaily.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/paul-anthony-jones1.jpg" width="200" /></a></span><div class="wp-caption-text">
<span style="color: blue;">The world’s biggest word lover, Paul Anthony Jones.</span></div>
</div>
<span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;">The Christmas gift of an illustrated edition of the Oxford English
Dictionary when he was a kid sparked a life-long interest in the minutia
of “the greatest language in the world”.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;">“I sat and read it cover to cover. I can remember writing down all
the words that I didn’t know or didn’t recognise, and all the words that
sounded strange or had weird spellings. I’d finished it by Boxing Day,
and that was it, I was hooked,” Mr Jones tells <em>The New Daily</em>.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;">Now with a bachelor degree in English language, a Masters degree in linguistics, and <a href="http://www.paulanthonyjones.com/" target="_blank">two books</a> on the subject, Jones is pretty much the king of odd English facts. His Twitter account, <a href="https://twitter.com/HaggardHawks" target="_blank">Haggard Hawks</a>, gained 500 followers in its first month, and just hit 7000 followers earlier in December.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;">When not posting to social media, the Englishman — who lives in
Jesmond in Newcastle-upon-Tyne — spends his days trawling through the
huge searchable database of the Oxford English Dictionary and reams of
obscure, out-of-print dictionaries and glossaries bought from second
hands shops and on eBay.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;">“I’m constantly stumbling across some new and unusual word from the dustier corners of the dictionary,” he says.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;">Jones has been kind enough to share some of his favourite English oddities with <em>The New Daily</em>. Enjoy.</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">
</span><h3>
<span style="color: blue;">Forty of the things that make English absolutely wonderful</span></h3>
<span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;"><strong>1.</strong> Eleven per cent of the entire English language is just the letter E.</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">
</span><div class="wp-caption alignright" id="attachment_181989" style="width: 200px;">
<span style="color: blue;"><a href="http://thenewdaily.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/girl-umbrella.jpg"><img alt="Girl umbrella" class="wp-image-181989" height="208" src="http://thenewdaily.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/girl-umbrella.jpg" width="200" /></a></span><div class="wp-caption-text">
<span style="color: blue;">An umbrella can be a very handy ombrifuge.<em> Photo: Getty</em></span></div>
</div>
<span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;"><strong>2.</strong> Psithurism is the sound of the wind rustling through leaves.</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;"><strong>3.</strong> An ombrifuge is anything or anywhere that provides shelter from the rain.</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;"><strong>4.</strong> The proper name for cutting your own hair is self-tonsorialism.</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;"><strong>5.</strong> Sphenopalatine ganglioneuralgia is the proper name for an ice-cream headache.</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;"><strong>6.</strong> ‘Nice’ originally meant ‘ignorant’ or ‘simple’.</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;"><strong>7.</strong> Posing a question and then immediately answering it yourself is called sermocination.</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;"><strong>8.</strong> A joke-fellow is someone who you share a joke with.</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;"><strong>9.</strong> To bumfiddle means to spoil a piece of paper or invalidate a document by scribbling or drawing on it.</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;"><strong>10.</strong> To metagrobolise someone is to utterly confuse them.</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;"><strong>11.</strong> The opposite of <em>déjà-vu </em>is <em>jamais-vu </em>— the unnerving feeling that something very familiar is actually completely new.</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;"><strong>12.</strong> To quomodocunquize means ‘to make money by whatever means possible.’</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">
</span><div class="wp-caption alignright" id="attachment_181993" style="width: 200px;">
<span style="color: blue;"><a href="http://thenewdaily.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/tony-abbott-narendra-modi.jpg"><img alt="Tony Abbott Narendra Modi" class="wp-image-181993" height="208" src="http://thenewdaily.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/tony-abbott-narendra-modi.jpg" width="200" /></a></span><div class="wp-caption-text">
<span style="color: blue;">The leaders of India and Australia famgrapsing a political agreement. <em>Photo: Getty</em></span></div>
</div>
<span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;"><strong>13.</strong> If you were to write down the name of every English number in order (<em>one</em>, <em>two</em>, <em>three</em>, <em>four</em>…) you wouldn’t use a single letter B until you reached one billion.</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;"><strong>14.</strong> Shaking hands with someone in an agreement is called famgrapsing.</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;"><strong>15.</strong> There was no word for the colour orange in English until the 16th century.</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;"><strong>16.</strong> Dermatoglyphics is the study of fingerprints and
skin patterns. It’s also the longest English words comprised entirely
of different letters.</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;"><strong>17.</strong> Swear words were nicknamed ‘tongue-worms’ in the 1600s.</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;"><strong>18.</strong> If the weather has ‘flenched’ then it’s failed to improve even though it looked like it would.</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;"><strong>19.</strong> Shivviness is an old Yorkshire word for the uncomfortable feeling of wearing new underwear.</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;"><strong>20.</strong> To outbabble someone is to talk over them and drown them out.</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;"><strong>21.</strong> In Victorian English, ‘follow-me-lads’ were
loose curls of hair hanging over a woman’s shoulders, or loose ribbons
on the back of a dress.</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;"><strong>22.</strong> The most common adjective in the English language is <em>good</em>. The most common noun is <em>time</em>.</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;"><strong>23.</strong> A paraphenalia was originally all of a woman’s
possessions that did not automatically become her husband’s property
after marriage.</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">
</span><div class="wp-caption alignright" id="attachment_182000" style="width: 200px;">
<span style="color: blue;"><a href="http://thenewdaily.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/cactus.jpg"><img alt="Cactus" class="wp-image-182000" height="208" src="http://thenewdaily.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/cactus.jpg" width="200" /></a></span><div class="wp-caption-text">
<span style="color: blue;">This desert plant is decidedly jaculiferous. <em>Photo: Getty</em></span></div>
</div>
<span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;"><strong>24.</strong> To exulcerate someone literally means to annoy or irritate them as much as an ulcer would.</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;"><strong>25.</strong> Anything described as jaculiferous is covered in prickles.</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;"><strong>26.</strong> “The countryside” is an anagram of “no city dust here”.</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;"><strong>27.</strong> The deliberate use of old fashioned language in modern writing is called gadzookery.</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;"><strong>28.</strong> To cample is to angrily answer back to someone who has just reprimanded you.</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;"><strong>29.</strong> A shrug of the shoulders can also be called a hunkle.</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;"><strong>30.</strong> An abydocomist is a liar who boasts about the lies they have told.</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;"><strong>31.</strong> Samuel Johnson’s Dictionary defined music as “the science of harmonical sounds”.</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;"><strong>32.</strong> Cultrivore is the proper name for a sword-swallower.</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;"><strong>33.</strong> A cabotin is a bad actor. Cabotinage is bad acting.</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;"><strong>34.</strong> Shakespeare used the word armgaunt in ‘Antony & Cleopatra’. No one knows for sure what he wanted it to mean.</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">
</span><div class="wp-caption alignright" id="attachment_181983" style="width: 200px;">
<span style="color: blue;"><a href="http://thenewdaily.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/adam-sandler.jpg"><img alt="Adam Sandler" class="wp-image-181983" height="208" src="http://thenewdaily.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/adam-sandler.jpg" width="200" /></a></span><div class="wp-caption-text">
<span style="color: blue;">Adam Sandler is, arguably, guilty of cabotinage. <em>Photo: AAP</em></span></div>
</div>
<span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;"><strong>35.</strong> Hogwash is literally kitchen scraps used to feed pigs. The first writer to use it to mean ‘nonsense’ was Mark Twain.</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;"><strong>36.</strong> Quantophrenia is an overreliance on statistics to prove a point.</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;"><strong>37.</strong> The word <em>noon </em>originally referred to 3pm.</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;"><strong>38.</strong> The Scots word <em>hansper</em> means ‘the pain or stiffness in the legs felt after a long walk’.</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;"><strong>39.</strong> In Tudor English, a gandermooner was a man who flirted with other women while his wife recovered from childbirth.</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;"><strong>40. </strong>As well as being a unit of weight, an ounce is a duration of 7½ seconds.</span><br />
</div>
</div>
Vu Thi Phuong Anhhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11263378523301439180noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-764967974780583729.post-46075306078083227412014-09-27T02:50:00.001-07:002014-09-27T02:53:28.013-07:00"English Language and Usage" website<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Are you a non-native English teachers full of questions to ask about English, and nobody to turn to for help? Well, lots of free help is already existing out there, waiting for you to make full use of. Here is one of those sources of free help: English Language and Usage website. <br />
<br />
<a href="http://english.stackexchange.com/">http://english.stackexchange.com/</a><br />
<br />
If you are to lazy to go there and find out for yourself, here is the self-introduction taken from the page cover:<br />
<br />
What it is:<br />
<br />
<div id="close">
<b><i>English Language & Usage Stack Exchange is a question
and answer site for linguists, etymologists, and serious English
language enthusiasts. It's 100% free, no registration required. </i></b></div>
<div id="close">
</div>
<div id="close">
How it works</div>
<div id="close">
<b><i></i><i>Anybody can ask a question. Anybody can provide an answer. Good answers are voted up and rise to the top.</i></b></div>
<div id="close">
<br />
<b><i> </i></b></div>
<div id="close">
So, what else are you waiting for? Go, ask questions, or just look at the questions asked and the answers provided. I am sure you'll be delighted, and no longer feel like the poet in Tennyson's poem In Memoriam:<br />
<i><br />An infant crying in the night</i></div>
<div id="close">
<i>An infant crying for the light</i></div>
<div id="close">
<i>And with no language but a cry ...</i><br />
<b><i> </i></b></div>
<div id="close">
<br />
<b><i> </i></b></div>
</div>
Vu Thi Phuong Anhhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11263378523301439180noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-764967974780583729.post-4871946433296036232014-08-20T19:13:00.000-07:002014-08-20T19:13:32.697-07:00Learning resources in English for ASEAN K-12 learners/educators<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
You can find them all on this page: <a href="https://youngsoutheastasianleaders.state.gov/resources/">https://youngsoutheastasianleaders.state.gov/resources/</a>.<br />
<br />
Almost anything you need, really! From writing, public speaking, American English, business and entrepreneurship, gender issues, civic engagement, to world geography ... things that expand your horizon, fill your knowledge gap, and, of course, improve your English at the same time.<br />
<br />
Come and be engaged, friends! </div>
Vu Thi Phuong Anhhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11263378523301439180noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-764967974780583729.post-84483087079124829602014-08-18T20:30:00.000-07:002014-08-18T20:33:16.682-07:00Crowdsourcing as a Class with Blogger<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<h1 class="entry-title">
<span style="color: blue;">Crowdsourcing as a Class with Blogger</span></h1>
<span style="color: blue;">
</span><br />
<div class="entry-meta">
<span style="color: blue;"><span class="meta-prep meta-prep-author">Posted on</span> <a href="http://catlintucker.com/2014/08/crowdsourcing-as-a-class-with-blogger/" rel="bookmark" title="4:17 pm"><span class="entry-date">August 16, 2014</span></a> <span class="meta-sep">by</span> <span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="http://catlintucker.com/author/catlintucker/" title="View all posts by Catlin Tucker">Catlin Tucker</a></span></span> </div>
<span style="color: blue;">
</span><br />
<div class="entry-content">
<span style="color: blue;"><a href="http://catlintucker.com/2014/08/crowdsourcing-as-a-class-with-blogger/">http://catlintucker.com/2014/08/crowdsourcing-as-a-class-with-blogger/</a> </span></div>
<div class="entry-content">
<span style="color: blue;"><br /></span><span style="color: blue;">The first few days of school can be a bit of a blur for
students who are bombarded with syllabi and class rules. One of the ways
I like to break the cycle of “sit and get” that first week of school
is to use a crowdsourcing activity to put the responsibility of
establishing expectations on my students. Instead of telling them what I
expect, I ask them questions like:</span><br />
<ul><ul>
<li><span style="color: blue;">What would make this class feel like a community?</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">What can your peers do to make you feel welcome?</span></li>
<li><span style="color: blue;">How can you help to keep this classroom a safe space?</span></li>
</ul>
</ul>
<span style="color: blue;">My students have been in school for 10 years by the time they get to
my class, so they have a pretty good idea of what makes a classroom a
welcoming and safe community.</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><a href="http://catlintucker.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Screen-shot-2014-08-16-at-3.54.38-PM.png"><img alt="Screen shot 2014-08-16 at 3.54.38 PM" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-2452" src="http://catlintucker.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Screen-shot-2014-08-16-at-3.54.38-PM.png" height="238" width="400" /></a></span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">The second day of school, I asked them to discuss what they thought
was polite versus rude when engaging in different forms of
communication. In small groups, they had time to talk about their
particular mode of communication. Then they constructed a “dos and
don’ts” list of behaviors for face to face communication, text messages,
photos sharing with commenting ability (Snapchats or Instagram), and
email. Given the large number of students using photo sharing apps, I
was particularly interested in their take on what was polite and what
was rude.</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><a href="http://catlintucker.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Screen-shot-2014-08-16-at-3.50.38-PM.png"><img alt="Screen shot 2014-08-16 at 3.50.38 PM" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-2451" src="http://catlintucker.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Screen-shot-2014-08-16-at-3.50.38-PM.png" height="263" width="400" /></a></span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">The challenge is that I don’t have enough wall space or white board
to capture all of their incredible ideas. I also want to make sure we
can reference the ideas they generate throughout the year.</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">Instead of crowdsourcing on the board, which is temporary, students
post their ideas directly to our class blog. Our class blog is a space
specifically designated for them to share ideas. I have a class website,
but the class blog belongs to them.</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><b>Using Blogger to Crowdsource</b></span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">Step 1: Set up your blog</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">You’ll find the Blogger app by clicking the collection of squares in
the upper right hand corner of your Gmail. Blogger is Google’s free
blogging tool, so it’s attached to your Gmail account.</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><a href="http://catlintucker.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Blogger-click-on-blogger-icon.png"><img alt="Blogger - click on blogger icon" class="aligncenter size-large wp-image-2453" src="http://catlintucker.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Blogger-click-on-blogger-icon-1024x269.png" height="105" width="400" /></a></span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">Step 2: Give your blog a name</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><a href="http://catlintucker.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Blogger-create-a-new-blog.png"><img alt="Blogger - create a new blog" class="aligncenter size-large wp-image-2454" src="http://catlintucker.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Blogger-create-a-new-blog-1024x287.png" height="111" width="400" /></a></span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">Step 3: Change setting to allow students to email and text directly to your class blog</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><a href="http://catlintucker.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Screen-shot-2014-08-16-at-4.13.23-PM.png"><img alt="Screen shot 2014-08-16 at 4.13.23 PM" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-2456" src="http://catlintucker.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Screen-shot-2014-08-16-at-4.13.23-PM.png" height="240" width="400" /></a></span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">You’re all set! Now students can use their devices in class to post
their ideas and crowdsource. You can capture it in one shared space
where everyone can view the information that has been generated.</span><br />
<div class="linksalpha_widget" style="padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
</div>
</div>
</div>
Vu Thi Phuong Anhhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11263378523301439180noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-764967974780583729.post-11233011014167473032014-06-10T16:57:00.000-07:002014-06-10T16:57:03.967-07:00 Transatlantic Trouble: British and American English <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="color: blue;">http://the-japan-news.com/news/article/0001299681</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><br /></span>
<br />
<header id="articleContentHeader">
<h1 id="articleContentHeaderH1">
<span style="color: blue;"><span itemprop="headline">Transatlantic Trouble: British and American English
</span></span></h1>
<div class="snsWrapper" id="snsWrapperTop">
</div>
<div id="articleContentHeaderPWrapper">
<div id="articleContentHeaderP">
<span style="color: blue;"><time datetime="2014-06-06T10:33:00+09:00" id="articleContentHeaderTime" itemtype="datePublished">10:33 am, June 06, 2014</time></span></div>
</div>
</header><span style="color: blue;">
</span><div id="articleContentBodyFirstBlock">
<span style="color: blue;">Although British and
American people technically speak the same language, there are lots of
variations in the kinds of English we speak. We’ll discuss some of the
most important ones, focusing on both language and culture. This time
let’s think about how British and American people talk about
achievements.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: blue;">◆◆◆ I nailed it! ◆◆◆</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">SARAH says:</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">A big
difference I’ve noticed between American and British behaviour is the
way in which we talk about our achievements. Americans seem to “sell
themselves” more, whereas us Brits tend to be more humble. For example
if I cook a nice meal then I might say “this isn’t so bad today…” or
“this is quite good” if I do say so myself, but if Sam cooks a nice meal
then he has no problem in saying “this is amazing!” In the UK it
doesn’t look good to boast about yourself, your skills and achievements.
We even have some expressions to describe this idea, for example we say
“don’t blow your own trumpet,” or “don’t sing your own praises.” Of
course in a job interview it’s different—you are expected to sell
yourself, but in a social situation I prefer to be more
self-deprecating. Although I may know I am good at doing something, I
would never say so, because I don’t want to appear “full-of-myself.”</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: blue;">Sometimes
I even get embarrassed if Sam says nice things about me in front of
other people. One of my previous students once told Sam she thought I
was a good teacher and he replied with “I know!”—I felt so embarrassed! I
thought he should have said something like “Well she really enjoyed
teaching you so she’ll be happy you said that.” I was worried that he
sounded a bit arrogant…</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: blue;">SAM says:</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">There is no doubt that on
the whole, Americans tend to build themselves up more than Brits. In the
U.S., it’s seen as extremely important to raise children to believe in
themselves in order to be confident in what they are doing. The
traditional British idea of self-effacement is often seen by unaware
Americans as a sign of weakness or lack of confidence.</span><br />
</div>
<span style="color: blue;">
</span><div id="articleContentBodySecondBlock">
<span style="color: blue;">This
idea is ingrained in American culture. We like to think of our country
as the land of opportunity, where anyone can succeed with enough hard
work, determination, and self-belief. Whether or not this is in fact
true, is beside the point. Being proud of yourself, your family, or your
country, and not being afraid to say so, is seen as a great quality to
have in America. It’s why so many Americans can say definitively that we
are the best at nearly everything. We don’t need proof; we’ve got blind
faith and boundless self-confidence!</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: blue;">But all jokes aside, why
would anyone want to sell themselves short? I’ve never understood why
Sarah feels embarrassed in such situations, and am frankly astonished
when she later scolds me for being so arrogant. What she also fails to
realize, is that in my opinion, I am being humble about her
achievements. Honestly, to say that Sarah is a good teacher is a
complete understatement.</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">= = =</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: blue;"> Sam and Sarah Greet have
been teaching English and travelling the world together for seven years.
Sarah is from Bristol in the South West of England, and Sam is from the
U.S. city of Philadelphia. Despite being together as a couple for many
years, they are always finding differences in the way they speak.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: blue;">
The British Council is the United Kingdom’s international organisation
for cultural relations and educational opportunities. We offer practical
English lessons for both adults and kids in Tokyo and Yokohama. For
more information, please visit <a href="http://www.britishcouncil.jp/english" target="_blank">British Council</a></span></div>
</div>
Vu Thi Phuong Anhhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11263378523301439180noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-764967974780583729.post-33392415845468229872014-05-26T17:25:00.000-07:002014-05-26T17:27:28.056-07:00A New Role for Avatars: Learning Languages<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="color: blue;"><a href="http://blogs.kqed.org/mindshift/2013/05/a-new-role-for-avatars-learning-languages/">http://blogs.kqed.org/mindshift/2013/05/a-new-role-for-avatars-learning-languages/</a></span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">--------</span><br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: blue;">A New Role for Avatars: Learning Languages</span></h3>
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<span style="color: blue;"><span class="meta-author">
<a href="http://blogs.kqed.org/mindshift/author/hollykorbey/" rel="author" title="Posts by Holly Korbey">Holly Korbey</a> |
</span>
<span class="meta-date">
May 2, 2013 </span>
<span class="meta-comments">
| <a href="http://blogs.kqed.org/mindshift/2013/05/a-new-role-for-avatars-learning-languages/#comments" rel="bookmark" title="Comments for A New Role for Avatars: Learning Languages"><span class="dsq-postid" rel="28534 http://blogs.kqed.org/mindshift/?p=28534">2 Comments</span></a>
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<span style="color: blue;"><a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/philliecasablanca/4789125747/sizes/z/in/photostream/"><img alt="4789125747_58f0aa40b2_z" class="size-full wp-image-28543" src="http://blogs.kqed.org/mindshift/files/2013/05/4789125747_58f0aa40b2_z.jpg" height="292" title="" width="546" /></a></span><br />
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<div class="dropcap-serif">
<span style="color: blue;">Most experts agree that the best way to learn a language is <a href="http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/04/130418104203.htm">by immersing yourself in it. </a>Now,
with more sophisticated technology, another theory around language
learning is being tested: the use of avatars to practice speaking.</span></div>
<span style="color: blue;">
</span>
<span style="color: blue;"> </span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">Alongside traditional methods, like listening, repeating, and digital flashcards, created by companies like <a href="http://www.rosettastone.com/">Rosetta Stone,</a> <a href="http://livemocha.com/">Livemocha,</a> and <a href="http://renkara.com/applications-accelastudy.php">AccelaStudy, </a>a
few tech companies have leveraged the idea that becoming someone else
helps to learn a foreign language, especially when speaking it.</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;"> </span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">Companies like <a href="http://secondlife.com/?lang=en-US">Second Life</a> and <a href="http://www.middleburyinteractive.com/">Middlebury Interactive Languages</a>
both offer digital avatar programs to give language learners a chance
to practice their skills in virtual environments. Britain’s <a href="http://www.languagelab.com/howitworks/english_city/">Language Lab</a>
has created “English City” using Second Life, where learners are
promised realistic conversations with native English-speaking teachers,
also using avatars, in virtual but plausible digital environments, like
checking in at the airport, going to an art museum, or giving a
presentation.</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">
</span>
<br />
<div class="module pull-quote left half">
<br />
<span style="color: blue;"><b>“Speaking practice was
only possible in the classroom, and that meant very little practice for
students who have no contact with English outside their school.”</b></span></div>
<span style="color: blue;">
</span>
<br />
<span style="color: blue;">Few studies exist on the effectiveness of avatars for language learning, and just as recently as 2009, <a href="http://moodle.bracu.ac.bd/pluginfile.php/2511/mod_resource/content/1/Technologies%20in%20Use%20for%20Second%20Language%20Learning.%20by%20Mike%20Levy.pdf">a study conducted by Griffith University</a>
on digital technology and second language learning found that “although
significant advances have been made recently with chatbots [avatars]
for <span id="more-28534"></span>conversation practice… reliable programs of this type are ‘still some way off being a reality.’”</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;"> </span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">That reality is now here – and while Second Life and Language Lab are
meant for the language learner at home on her laptop, what about using
digital avatars in classroom environments? Some teachers say that
language-learning avatars work well for classroom students, if used in a
slightly different way.</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">
</span>
<span style="color: blue;"> </span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">English teacher Ana Maria Menezes uses web tool <a href="http://www.voki.com/">Voki</a>
with her high school students in Uberlandia, Brazil, and said she has
watched them become more comfortable speaking English when it’s not
really “them” doing the talking. Voki, a free education web app created
by Oddcast, allows students and teachers to create their own talking
character – they can be historical figures, animals, or a person that
looks just like the user.</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;">
</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: blue;">Teachers and students can give their character a voice by using one
of three methods: text to speech, recording by microphone, or uploading
their own pre-recording audio file. Voki characters can speak in over 25
languages, and 150-plus voices, according to Eric Kiang, Voki’s Product
and Marketing Manager.</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">
</span>
<span style="color: blue;"> </span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">Menezes has students record themselves speaking English, and then has
them play it for the class on a computer, using their avatar.</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">
</span>
<span style="color: blue;"> </span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">“Most of my students were very embarrassed when asked to record their
voices while speaking English; many of them had never actually heard
themselves using a foreign language,” she said. But students felt more
comfortable watching their avatar speak for them. “It has to do with the
‘hiding behind the mask’ effect: when we speak behind a mask, it’s as
if you’re another character, you’re safer and less exposed.”</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">
</span>
<span style="color: blue;"> </span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">Middle and high school Spanish and German teacher José Picardo doubts
that using avatars alone causes dramatic improvements in learning a new
language. “But I do think that incorporating tools such as Voki into
the teaching and learning that goes on in my classroom, and practices
such as regular peer-assessment, has had a very positive influence in
attainment.” Picardo puts all of his students’ avatars on the
departmental blog at Nottingham High School in Nottingham, UK, where
they can be used by teachers, parents and students both as a showcase of
student work as well as for peer review and assessment.</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">
</span>
<span style="color: blue;"> </span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">For Menezes, the most important use of digital avatars is the ability
to get students doing more speaking outside the classroom. “Years ago,
it was unthinkable to assign speaking homework to EFL or ESL students;
all we could expect from them at home was to complete written exercises
or write texts. Speaking practice was only possible in the classroom,
and that meant very little practice for students who have no contact
with English outside their school. Using an avatar for both for
listening and for speaking purposes, I clearly noticed several
improvements in their language use: Students were braver when expressing
themselves and were also able to observe their pronunciation for the
first time.”</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">
</span>
<span style="color: blue;"> </span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">One drawback teachers mentioned is the learning curve to use the
apps; Second Life’s virtual world recommends that students be 16 to use
it. Menezes mentioned there is a ramp-up time to using Voki, too, and
that students need access to good recording equipment and fast Internet
connections to get started. But even with learning curves, the
technology is intuitive and tech-savvy students catch on quickly.</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">
</span>
<span style="color: blue;"> </span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">“Is there such a thing as a non-techie 13-year-old?” joked Picardo.
“It could be argued that using these tools ensure that we are teaching
children a range of skills that are necessary for later life, not just
foreign languages.”</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">
</span>
<span style="color: blue;"> </span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">Even for the non-techie school setting, though, there’s another
option. Wake Forest Latin teacher-scholar Ted Gellar-Goad developed an
original pen-and-paper avatar game for his Latin prose composition
students. Students role-play and interact in ancient Rome, in the spirit
of Dungeons and Dragons, and the game is meant to help students stay
engaged and have fun performing the arduous task of writing difficult
Latin sentences.</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">
</span>
<span style="color: blue;"> </span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">For the imaginative teacher, there’s always a way.</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">
</span></div>
Vu Thi Phuong Anhhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11263378523301439180noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-764967974780583729.post-66832357493529475732014-05-07T04:24:00.000-07:002014-05-07T04:24:06.603-07:00"I'm afraid I disagree with you" - or, How to disagree in English?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
Source: http://dictionaryblog.cambridge.org/2014/05/07/im-afraid-i-disagree-with-you/<br />
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<h2 id="post-2969">
<span style="color: blue;">I’m afraid I disagree with you.</span></h2>
<span style="color: blue;">
<small>May 7, 2014 </small>
</span><span style="color: blue;">by <a href="http://dictionaryblog.cambridge.org/kate-woodford/" target="_blank">Kate Woodford</a></span>
<span style="color: blue;"><a href="http://cambridgewords.files.wordpress.com/2014/05/disagree2.jpg"><img alt="disagree" class="alignleft size-full wp-image-3055" src="http://cambridgewords.files.wordpress.com/2014/05/disagree2.jpg?w=450" /></a><br />
Last week we looked at the ‘softeners’ (polite words and phrases) that
people use to make requests sound nicer. This week we’re taking a look
at the sort of phrases that people use when they are <a href="http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/british/disagree" target="_blank" title="disagreeing definition">disagreeing</a> with people and they don’t want to sound <a href="http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/british/rude_1" target="_blank" title="rude definition">rude</a> or express opinions that sound too strong.</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;">The <a href="http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/british/statement" target="_blank" title="statement definition">statement</a>, ‘I disagree with you.’ sounds very strong in English and people often choose not to use it. However, if people do want to <a href="http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/british/express_1" target="_blank" title="express definition">express</a> strong <a href="http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/british/disagreement" target="_blank" title="disagreement definition">disagreement</a> and they use this phrase, they often ‘soften’ it slightly by first <a href="http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/british/apologize" target="_blank" title="apologizing definition">apologising</a>:</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: blue;"><span id="more-2969"></span></span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;"><strong><em><a href="http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/british/afraid_2" target="_blank" title="I'm afraid definition">I’m afraid</a></em></strong><em> I disagree with you there.</em></span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;"><strong><em>I’m <a href="http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/british/sorry_1" target="_blank" title="sorry definition">sorry</a></em></strong><em>, I disagree with you there.</em></span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;">Another way of <a href="http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/british/slightly_1" target="_blank" title="slightly definition">slightly</a> softening the statement ‘I disagree with you.’ is to <a href="http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/british/introduce_3" target="_blank" title="introduce definition ">introduce</a> it with ‘I have to say’:</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;"><strong><em>I have to say</em></strong><em>, I disagree with you, James.</em></span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;">Very often, though, people prefer to use phrases that are less strong
when they are disagreeing with statements. A very common way of doing
this is to use the phrase ‘I’m not sure…’ or another phrase with a <a href="http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/british/similar" target="_blank" title="similar definition">similar</a> meaning:</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;"><strong><em>I’m not sure </em></strong><em>I agree with you there.</em></span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;"><strong><em>I’m not sure</em></strong><em> that’s always true.</em></span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;"><strong><em>I’m not <a href="http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/british/convinced" target="_blank" title="convinced definition">convinced</a></em></strong><em> that’s the case.</em></span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;">Statements such as these <a href="http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/british/usually" target="_blank" title="usually definition">usually</a> mean, ‘I don’t agree.’ even though they seem to be saying something less certain. They are <a href="http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/british/generally" target="_blank" title="generally definition">generally</a> just a <a href="http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/british/gentle" target="_blank" title="gentler definition">gentler</a> way of saying it.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;">In a similar way, people may disagree with a statement by seeming to
ask a question. Again, this is a slightly ‘softer’ way of disagreeing:</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;"><em>Statement: In any case, women are better at these sorts of <a href="http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/british/task_1" target="_blank" title="tasks definition">tasks</a> than men.</em></span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;"><em>Reply: <strong>Is that really true</strong>? In my <a href="http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/british/experience_1" target="_blank" title="experience definition">experience</a>, men are just as good.</em></span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;"><em>Response:<strong> Is that always</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>case</strong>? I know plenty of men who are just as good as women.</em></span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;"><em>Response: <strong>Do you think so</strong>? I’m not so sure that’s the <a href="http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/british/case_1" target="_blank" title="case definition">case</a>.</em></span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;">A third way of ‘softening’ disagreement is by first saying that you <a href="http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/british/understand_1" target="_blank" title="understand definition">understand</a>
what someone is saying, or that you accept that part of what they are
saying is true. You may then go on to say exactly what it is that you
disagree with:</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;"><strong><em>I take your point </em></strong><em>– she’s a very experienced teacher, but I’m afraid I don’t think she’s right for this <a href="http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/british/particular_1" target="_blank" title="particular definition">particular</a> job.</em></span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;"><strong><em>I do understand what you’re saying</em></strong><em>. I just don’t think we have the <a href="http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/british/resource_1" target="_blank" title="resources definition">resources</a> to do this.</em></span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;"><strong><em>I hear what you’re saying</em></strong><em> – the <a href="http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/british/problem" target="_blank" title="problem definition">problem</a> needs fixing. I just don’t think now is the time to do it.</em></span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: blue;">
</span><span style="color: blue;">Of course, you are free to disagree in any way that you <a href="http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/british/choose" title="choose definition">choose</a>, but if you want to make sure that you don’t sound too direct or rude, here are a few useful <a href="http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/british/hint_1" target="_blank" title="hints definition">hints</a>.</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">
</span><br />
<a href="http://en.wordpress.com/about-these-ads/" rel="nofollow" style="display: block; font: 9px/1 sans-serif; position: absolute; text-align: left; text-decoration: underline;">About these ads</a>
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Vu Thi Phuong Anhhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11263378523301439180noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-764967974780583729.post-78107691683020862502014-05-05T22:28:00.001-07:002014-05-05T22:28:48.774-07:00BIGSTOCK'S GRAMMAR GUIDE: 12 WORDS YOU MIGHT BE MISUSING<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
http://www.bigstockphoto.com/blog/misused-words-post<br />
<br />
<div class="header clear" style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 26.25px; zoom: 1;">
<h1 class="post-title" data-content-field="title" style="-webkit-margin-after: 0.5em; -webkit-margin-before: 0px !important; font-family: Spinnaker; font-size: 24px; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: 1px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em;">
<a href="http://www.bigstockphoto.com/blog/misused-words-post" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="color: blue;">BIGSTOCK'S GRAMMAR GUIDE: 12 WORDS YOU MIGHT BE MISUSING</span></a></h1>
</div>
<div class="body" id="yui_3_10_1_1_1399353932819_157" style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 26.25px;">
<div class="sqs-layout sqs-grid-12 columns-12" data-layout-title="Post Body" data-type="item" id="item-51f95570e4b0dfbd79143f59" style="top: 0px;">
<div class="row sqs-row" id="yui_3_10_1_1_1399353932819_443" style="margin-left: -15px; margin-right: -15px; width: auto !important;">
<div class="col sqs-col-12 span-12" id="yui_3_10_1_1_1399353932819_442" style="float: left; padding-right: 0px; width: 776px;">
<div class="sqs-block html-block sqs-block-html" data-block-type="2" id="block-ab4302d11a7062c9fab5" style="-webkit-transition: outline 0.1s ease-in-out; clear: none; height: auto; outline: transparent solid 1px; padding: 0px 15px 15px; position: relative; transition: outline 0.1s ease-in-out; word-wrap: break-word;">
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<span style="color: blue;">Picture it. You're typing away. Perhaps you're working on a presentation for the office. Perhaps you're writing out invitations to a pretty little picnic. Or, maybe you're just writing to a pal reminding them about <a href="http://www.bigstockphoto.com/blog/house-of-carbs-bigstock-struggles-with-national-donut-day" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">National Donut Day</a>.</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">Regardless of the reason, you never want to commit one of those easily-missed spelling crimes. It happens to the best of us. Some words are just so darn similar.</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">So, to help maintain your professional goals, your social calendar, and, of course, your sparkling reputation, here's a quick visual guide for those very similar, and oft-confusing words. Happy spelling!</span></div>
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<div class="image-block-wrapper " data-description="<p>Bigstock's Grammar Guide: 12 Works You Might Be Misusing</p>" id="yui_3_10_1_1_1399353932819_151" style="line-height: 0; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 2307.625px; position: relative; text-align: center;">
<img alt="Bigstock's Grammar Guide: 12 Works You Might Be Misusing" class="thumb-image loaded" data-image-dimensions="900x2784" data-image-focal-point="0.5,0.5" data-image-id="51f95583e4b0d906af4fada4" data-image-resolution="750w" data-image="http://static.squarespace.com/static/5176fdb5e4b083b631f31303/t/51f95583e4b0d906af4fada4/1375294856323/words_blog_v2.jpg" data-load="false" src="http://static.squarespace.com/static/5176fdb5e4b083b631f31303/t/51f95583e4b0d906af4fada4/1375294856323/words_blog_v2.jpg?format=750w" data-src="http://static.squarespace.com/static/5176fdb5e4b083b631f31303/t/51f95583e4b0d906af4fada4/1375294856323/words_blog_v2.jpg" data-type="image" style="border: 0px; display: block; left: 0px; line-height: 0; max-width: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; vertical-align: middle; width: 746px;" /></div>
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<span style="color: blue;">Check out the images used in this post in our</span><span style="color: #666666;"> </span><a href="http://www.bigstockphoto.com/saved/7718852/words?key=smSFKZ" style="color: #3b93c4; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Misused Words lightbox. </a></div>
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Vu Thi Phuong Anhhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11263378523301439180noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-764967974780583729.post-33897377382575435392014-05-05T22:24:00.000-07:002014-05-05T22:29:57.542-07:0020 BRITISH WORDS THAT MEAN SOMETHING TOTALLY DIFFERENT IN THE U.S.<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Source: http://www.bigstockphoto.com/blog/20-british-words-that-mean-something-totally-different-in-the-us?pl=BSOUTBRAIN<br />
<br />
<div class="header clear" style="background-color: white; line-height: 26.25px; zoom: 1;">
<h1 class="post-title" data-content-field="title" style="-webkit-margin-after: 0.5em; -webkit-margin-before: 0px !important; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: 1px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em;">
<a href="http://www.bigstockphoto.com/blog/20-british-words-that-mean-something-totally-different-in-the-us" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: inherit; font-size: small;">20 BRITISH WORDS THAT MEAN SOMETHING TOTALLY DIFFERENT IN THE U.S.</span></a></h1>
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<span style="color: blue; font-family: inherit;">Here in the United States, we speak the same language as our ye old predecessors in Great Britain, but we don't always speak it the same way. So, we asked our oh-so British receptionist, Ryan Lovett, to give us a crash course in some of the more notable discrepancies.</span><br />
<span style="color: blue; font-family: inherit;">Here are 20 words that have pretty different meanings in Great Britain than they do in the U.S. <em style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">Made with royalty-free images from Bigstock.</em></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue; font-family: inherit; font-size: small;">1. Jumper<span style="line-height: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"> </span></span></h2>
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<span style="color: blue; font-family: inherit; font-size: small;">2. Trainer<span style="line-height: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"> </span></span></h2>
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<span style="color: blue; font-family: inherit; font-size: small;">3. Pants</span></h2>
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<span style="color: blue; font-family: inherit; font-size: small;">4. Bird</span></h2>
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<span style="color: blue; font-family: inherit; font-size: small;">5. Bog</span></h2>
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<span style="color: blue; font-family: inherit; font-size: small;">6. Rubber</span></h2>
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<span style="color: blue; font-family: inherit; font-size: small;">7. Braces</span></h2>
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<span style="color: blue; font-family: inherit; font-size: small;">8. Trolley</span></h2>
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<span style="color: blue; font-family: inherit; font-size: small;">9. Chips</span></h2>
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<img alt="20 BRITISH WORDS THAT MEAN SOMETHING TOTALLY DIFFERENT IN THE U.S. chips" class="thumb-image loaded" data-image-dimensions="900x376" data-image-focal-point="0.5,0.5" data-image-id="521bbd4ee4b016928f22b6e7" data-image-resolution="750w" data-image="http://static.squarespace.com/static/5176fdb5e4b083b631f31303/t/521bbd4ee4b016928f22b6e7/1377549647342/britain_us_chips.jpg" data-load="false" src="http://static.squarespace.com/static/5176fdb5e4b083b631f31303/t/521bbd4ee4b016928f22b6e7/1377549647342/britain_us_chips.jpg?format=750w" data-src="http://static.squarespace.com/static/5176fdb5e4b083b631f31303/t/521bbd4ee4b016928f22b6e7/1377549647342/britain_us_chips.jpg" data-type="image" style="border: 0px; cursor: pointer; display: block; left: 0px; line-height: 0; max-width: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; vertical-align: middle; width: 746px;" /></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sqs-block html-block sqs-block-html" data-block-type="2" id="block-6ab03bd389680e046e26" style="clear: none; height: auto; outline: transparent solid 1px; padding: 15px; position: relative; word-wrap: break-word;">
<div class="sqs-block-content" style="cursor: auto; outline: none;">
<h2 style="-webkit-margin-after: 0.5em; -webkit-margin-before: 0px; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: 1px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px;">
<span style="color: blue; font-family: inherit; font-size: small;">10. Coach</span></h2>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sqs-block image-block sqs-block-image" data-block-type="5" id="block-8090bc755b7d028aa35c" style="clear: both; height: auto; outline: transparent solid 1px; padding: 15px; position: relative;">
<div class="sqs-block-content" id="yui_3_10_1_1_1399353544427_388">
<div class="image-block-outer-wrapper layout-caption-hidden " id="yui_3_10_1_1_1399353544427_387">
<div class="intrinsic" id="yui_3_10_1_1_1399353544427_386" style="margin: auto; max-width: 900px;">
<div class="image-block-wrapper lightbox " data-description="<p>20 BRITISH WORDS THAT MEAN SOMETHING TOTALLY DIFFERENT IN THE U.S. coach</p>" id="yui_3_10_1_1_1399353544427_385" style="line-height: 0; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 311.65625px; position: relative; text-align: center;">
<img alt="20 BRITISH WORDS THAT MEAN SOMETHING TOTALLY DIFFERENT IN THE U.S. coach" class="thumb-image loaded" data-image-dimensions="900x376" data-image-focal-point="0.5,0.5" data-image-id="521bbd64e4b0d492d86d164b" data-image-resolution="750w" data-image="http://static.squarespace.com/static/5176fdb5e4b083b631f31303/t/521bbd64e4b0d492d86d164b/1377549670015/britain_us_coach.jpg" data-load="false" src="http://static.squarespace.com/static/5176fdb5e4b083b631f31303/t/521bbd64e4b0d492d86d164b/1377549670015/britain_us_coach.jpg?format=750w" data-src="http://static.squarespace.com/static/5176fdb5e4b083b631f31303/t/521bbd64e4b0d492d86d164b/1377549670015/britain_us_coach.jpg" data-type="image" style="border: 0px; cursor: pointer; display: block; left: 0px; line-height: 0; max-width: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; vertical-align: middle; width: 746px;" /></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sqs-block html-block sqs-block-html" data-block-type="2" id="block-342bd0013067165d7b9a" style="clear: none; height: auto; outline: transparent solid 1px; padding: 15px; position: relative; word-wrap: break-word;">
<div class="sqs-block-content" style="cursor: auto; outline: none;">
<h2 style="-webkit-margin-after: 0.5em; -webkit-margin-before: 0px; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: 1px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px;">
<span style="color: blue; font-family: inherit; font-size: small;">11. Biscuit</span></h2>
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<div class="sqs-block image-block sqs-block-image" data-block-type="5" id="block-49f71bea58c4cc3b65a8" style="clear: both; height: auto; outline: transparent solid 1px; padding: 15px; position: relative;">
<div class="sqs-block-content" id="yui_3_10_1_1_1399353544427_411">
<div class="image-block-outer-wrapper layout-caption-hidden " id="yui_3_10_1_1_1399353544427_410">
<div class="intrinsic" id="yui_3_10_1_1_1399353544427_409" style="margin: auto; max-width: 900px;">
<div class="image-block-wrapper lightbox " data-description="<p>20 BRITISH WORDS THAT MEAN SOMETHING TOTALLY DIFFERENT IN THE U.S. biscuit</p>" id="yui_3_10_1_1_1399353544427_408" style="line-height: 0; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 311.65625px; position: relative; text-align: center;">
<img alt="20 BRITISH WORDS THAT MEAN SOMETHING TOTALLY DIFFERENT IN THE U.S. biscuit" class="thumb-image loaded" data-image-dimensions="900x376" data-image-focal-point="0.5,0.5" data-image-id="521bbd77e4b0b3c0304cf8c5" data-image-resolution="750w" data-image="http://static.squarespace.com/static/5176fdb5e4b083b631f31303/t/521bbd77e4b0b3c0304cf8c5/1377549689514/britain_us_biscuit.jpg" data-load="false" src="http://static.squarespace.com/static/5176fdb5e4b083b631f31303/t/521bbd77e4b0b3c0304cf8c5/1377549689514/britain_us_biscuit.jpg?format=750w" data-src="http://static.squarespace.com/static/5176fdb5e4b083b631f31303/t/521bbd77e4b0b3c0304cf8c5/1377549689514/britain_us_biscuit.jpg" data-type="image" style="border: 0px; cursor: pointer; display: block; left: 0px; line-height: 0; max-width: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; vertical-align: middle; width: 746px;" /></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sqs-block html-block sqs-block-html" data-block-type="2" id="block-c2d5b96ce0940905a172" style="clear: none; height: auto; outline: transparent solid 1px; padding: 15px; position: relative; word-wrap: break-word;">
<div class="sqs-block-content" style="cursor: auto; outline: none;">
<h2 style="-webkit-margin-after: 0.5em; -webkit-margin-before: 0px; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: 1px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px;">
<span style="color: blue; font-family: inherit; font-size: small;">12. Shag</span></h2>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sqs-block image-block sqs-block-image" data-block-type="5" id="block-bc5f7907af566e6b50be" style="clear: both; height: auto; outline: transparent solid 1px; padding: 15px; position: relative;">
<div class="sqs-block-content" id="yui_3_10_1_1_1399353544427_434">
<div class="image-block-outer-wrapper layout-caption-hidden " id="yui_3_10_1_1_1399353544427_433">
<div class="intrinsic" id="yui_3_10_1_1_1399353544427_432" style="margin: auto; max-width: 900px;">
<div class="image-block-wrapper lightbox " data-description="<p>20 BRITISH WORDS THAT MEAN SOMETHING TOTALLY DIFFERENT IN THE U.S. shag</p>" id="yui_3_10_1_1_1399353544427_431" style="line-height: 0; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 311.65625px; position: relative; text-align: center;">
<img alt="20 BRITISH WORDS THAT MEAN SOMETHING TOTALLY DIFFERENT IN THE U.S. shag" class="thumb-image loaded" data-image-dimensions="900x376" data-image-focal-point="0.5,0.5" data-image-id="521bbd8ee4b0b9fc4088ce34" data-image-resolution="750w" data-image="http://static.squarespace.com/static/5176fdb5e4b083b631f31303/t/521bbd8ee4b0b9fc4088ce34/1377549712954/britain_us_shag.jpg" data-load="false" src="http://static.squarespace.com/static/5176fdb5e4b083b631f31303/t/521bbd8ee4b0b9fc4088ce34/1377549712954/britain_us_shag.jpg?format=750w" data-src="http://static.squarespace.com/static/5176fdb5e4b083b631f31303/t/521bbd8ee4b0b9fc4088ce34/1377549712954/britain_us_shag.jpg" data-type="image" style="border: 0px; cursor: pointer; display: block; left: 0px; line-height: 0; max-width: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; vertical-align: middle; width: 746px;" /></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sqs-block html-block sqs-block-html" data-block-type="2" id="block-172d3a8bda2870df887c" style="clear: none; height: auto; outline: transparent solid 1px; padding: 15px; position: relative; word-wrap: break-word;">
<div class="sqs-block-content" style="cursor: auto; outline: none;">
<h2 style="-webkit-margin-after: 0.5em; -webkit-margin-before: 0px; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: 1px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px;">
<span style="color: blue; font-family: inherit; font-size: small;">13. Dummy</span></h2>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sqs-block image-block sqs-block-image" data-block-type="5" id="block-e1671a033c8c0802721b" style="clear: both; height: auto; outline: transparent solid 1px; padding: 15px; position: relative;">
<div class="sqs-block-content" id="yui_3_10_1_1_1399353544427_457">
<div class="image-block-outer-wrapper layout-caption-hidden " id="yui_3_10_1_1_1399353544427_456">
<div class="intrinsic" id="yui_3_10_1_1_1399353544427_455" style="margin: auto; max-width: 900px;">
<div class="image-block-wrapper lightbox " data-description="<p>20 BRITISH WORDS THAT MEAN SOMETHING TOTALLY DIFFERENT IN THE U.S. dummy</p>" id="yui_3_10_1_1_1399353544427_454" style="line-height: 0; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 311.65625px; position: relative; text-align: center;">
<img alt="20 BRITISH WORDS THAT MEAN SOMETHING TOTALLY DIFFERENT IN THE U.S. dummy" class="thumb-image loaded" data-image-dimensions="900x376" data-image-focal-point="0.5,0.5" data-image-id="521bbda2e4b036e9c3509aab" data-image-resolution="750w" data-image="http://static.squarespace.com/static/5176fdb5e4b083b631f31303/t/521bbda2e4b036e9c3509aab/1377549732241/britain_us_dummy.jpg" data-load="false" src="http://static.squarespace.com/static/5176fdb5e4b083b631f31303/t/521bbda2e4b036e9c3509aab/1377549732241/britain_us_dummy.jpg?format=750w" data-src="http://static.squarespace.com/static/5176fdb5e4b083b631f31303/t/521bbda2e4b036e9c3509aab/1377549732241/britain_us_dummy.jpg" data-type="image" style="border: 0px; cursor: pointer; display: block; left: 0px; line-height: 0; max-width: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; vertical-align: middle; width: 746px;" /></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sqs-block html-block sqs-block-html" data-block-type="2" id="block-0805aaf9dcae43ee637e" style="clear: none; height: auto; outline: transparent solid 1px; padding: 15px; position: relative; word-wrap: break-word;">
<div class="sqs-block-content" style="cursor: auto; outline: none;">
<h2 style="-webkit-margin-after: 0.5em; -webkit-margin-before: 0px; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: 1px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px;">
<span style="color: blue; font-family: inherit; font-size: small;">14. Lift</span></h2>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sqs-block image-block sqs-block-image" data-block-type="5" id="block-45ef2b79218790acb54e" style="clear: both; height: auto; outline: transparent solid 1px; padding: 15px; position: relative;">
<div class="sqs-block-content" id="yui_3_10_1_1_1399353544427_480">
<div class="image-block-outer-wrapper layout-caption-hidden " id="yui_3_10_1_1_1399353544427_479">
<div class="intrinsic" id="yui_3_10_1_1_1399353544427_478" style="margin: auto; max-width: 900px;">
<div class="image-block-wrapper lightbox " data-description="<p>20 BRITISH WORDS THAT MEAN SOMETHING TOTALLY DIFFERENT IN THE U.S. lift</p>" id="yui_3_10_1_1_1399353544427_477" style="line-height: 0; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 311.65625px; position: relative; text-align: center;">
<img alt="20 BRITISH WORDS THAT MEAN SOMETHING TOTALLY DIFFERENT IN THE U.S. lift" class="thumb-image loaded" data-image-dimensions="900x376" data-image-focal-point="0.5,0.5" data-image-id="521bbdb6e4b0b3c0304cfae0" data-image-resolution="750w" data-image="http://static.squarespace.com/static/5176fdb5e4b083b631f31303/t/521bbdb6e4b0b3c0304cfae0/1377549752214/britain_us_liftjpg" data-load="false" src="http://static.squarespace.com/static/5176fdb5e4b083b631f31303/t/521bbdb6e4b0b3c0304cfae0/1377549752214/britain_us_liftjpg?format=750w" data-src="http://static.squarespace.com/static/5176fdb5e4b083b631f31303/t/521bbdb6e4b0b3c0304cfae0/1377549752214/britain_us_liftjpg" data-type="image" style="border: 0px; cursor: pointer; display: block; left: 0px; line-height: 0; max-width: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; vertical-align: middle; width: 746px;" /></div>
</div>
</div>
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<div class="sqs-block html-block sqs-block-html" data-block-type="2" id="block-fac611e1c0bbf34e12c3" style="clear: none; height: auto; outline: transparent solid 1px; padding: 15px; position: relative; word-wrap: break-word;">
<div class="sqs-block-content" style="cursor: auto; outline: none;">
<h2 style="-webkit-margin-after: 0.5em; -webkit-margin-before: 0px; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: 1px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px;">
<span style="color: blue; font-family: inherit; font-size: small;">15. Hooker</span></h2>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sqs-block image-block sqs-block-image" data-block-type="5" id="block-664a9471b56e37a01775" style="clear: both; height: auto; outline: transparent solid 1px; padding: 15px; position: relative;">
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<div class="image-block-outer-wrapper layout-caption-hidden " id="yui_3_10_1_1_1399353544427_502">
<div class="intrinsic" id="yui_3_10_1_1_1399353544427_501" style="margin: auto; max-width: 900px;">
<div class="image-block-wrapper lightbox " data-description="<p>20 BRITISH WORDS THAT MEAN SOMETHING TOTALLY DIFFERENT IN THE U.S. hooker</p>" id="yui_3_10_1_1_1399353544427_500" style="line-height: 0; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 311.65625px; position: relative; text-align: center;">
<img alt="20 BRITISH WORDS THAT MEAN SOMETHING TOTALLY DIFFERENT IN THE U.S. hooker" class="thumb-image loaded" data-image-dimensions="900x376" data-image-focal-point="0.5,0.5" data-image-id="521caef8e4b07cffbcd02e11" data-image-resolution="750w" data-image="http://static.squarespace.com/static/5176fdb5e4b083b631f31303/t/521caef8e4b07cffbcd02e11/1377611513746/britain_us_hooker.jpg" data-load="false" src="http://static.squarespace.com/static/5176fdb5e4b083b631f31303/t/521caef8e4b07cffbcd02e11/1377611513746/britain_us_hooker.jpg?format=750w" data-src="http://static.squarespace.com/static/5176fdb5e4b083b631f31303/t/521caef8e4b07cffbcd02e11/1377611513746/britain_us_hooker.jpg" data-type="image" style="border: 0px; cursor: pointer; display: block; left: 0px; line-height: 0; max-width: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; vertical-align: middle; width: 746px;" /></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sqs-block html-block sqs-block-html" data-block-type="2" id="block-795ee9ca156718145852" style="clear: none; height: auto; outline: transparent solid 1px; padding: 15px; position: relative; word-wrap: break-word;">
<div class="sqs-block-content" style="cursor: auto; outline: none;">
<h2 style="-webkit-margin-after: 0.5em; -webkit-margin-before: 0px; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: 1px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px;">
<span style="color: blue; font-family: inherit; font-size: small;">16. Flannel</span></h2>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sqs-block image-block sqs-block-image" data-block-type="5" id="block-14eb884d742c36b2024e" style="clear: both; height: auto; outline: transparent solid 1px; padding: 15px; position: relative;">
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<div class="image-block-outer-wrapper layout-caption-hidden " id="yui_3_10_1_1_1399353544427_525">
<div class="intrinsic" id="yui_3_10_1_1_1399353544427_524" style="margin: auto; max-width: 900px;">
<div class="image-block-wrapper lightbox " data-description="<p>20 BRITISH WORDS THAT MEAN SOMETHING TOTALLY DIFFERENT IN THE U.S. flannel</p>" id="yui_3_10_1_1_1399353544427_523" style="line-height: 0; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 311.65625px; position: relative; text-align: center;">
<img alt="20 BRITISH WORDS THAT MEAN SOMETHING TOTALLY DIFFERENT IN THE U.S. flannel" class="thumb-image loaded" data-image-dimensions="900x376" data-image-focal-point="0.5,0.5" data-image-id="521bbdcbe4b016928f22bb00" data-image-resolution="750w" data-image="http://static.squarespace.com/static/5176fdb5e4b083b631f31303/t/521bbdcbe4b016928f22bb00/1377549774263/britain_us_flannel.jpg" data-load="false" src="http://static.squarespace.com/static/5176fdb5e4b083b631f31303/t/521bbdcbe4b016928f22bb00/1377549774263/britain_us_flannel.jpg?format=750w" data-src="http://static.squarespace.com/static/5176fdb5e4b083b631f31303/t/521bbdcbe4b016928f22bb00/1377549774263/britain_us_flannel.jpg" data-type="image" style="border: 0px; cursor: pointer; display: block; left: 0px; line-height: 0; max-width: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; vertical-align: middle; width: 746px;" /></div>
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<h2 style="-webkit-margin-after: 0.5em; -webkit-margin-before: 0px; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: 1px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px;">
<span style="color: blue; font-family: inherit; font-size: small;">17. Football</span></h2>
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</div>
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<div class="image-block-outer-wrapper layout-caption-hidden " id="yui_3_10_1_1_1399353544427_548">
<div class="intrinsic" id="yui_3_10_1_1_1399353544427_547" style="margin: auto; max-width: 900px;">
<div class="image-block-wrapper lightbox " data-description="<p>20 BRITISH WORDS THAT MEAN SOMETHING TOTALLY DIFFERENT IN THE U.S. football</p>" id="yui_3_10_1_1_1399353544427_546" style="line-height: 0; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 311.65625px; position: relative; text-align: center;">
<img alt="20 BRITISH WORDS THAT MEAN SOMETHING TOTALLY DIFFERENT IN THE U.S. football" class="thumb-image loaded" data-image-dimensions="900x376" data-image-focal-point="0.5,0.5" data-image-id="521bbddee4b016928f22bb36" data-image-resolution="750w" data-image="http://static.squarespace.com/static/5176fdb5e4b083b631f31303/t/521bbddee4b016928f22bb36/1377549792089/britain_us_football.jpg" data-load="false" src="http://static.squarespace.com/static/5176fdb5e4b083b631f31303/t/521bbddee4b016928f22bb36/1377549792089/britain_us_football.jpg?format=750w" data-src="http://static.squarespace.com/static/5176fdb5e4b083b631f31303/t/521bbddee4b016928f22bb36/1377549792089/britain_us_football.jpg" data-type="image" style="border: 0px; cursor: pointer; display: block; left: 0px; line-height: 0; max-width: none; position: absolute; top: 0px; vertical-align: middle; width: 746px;" /></div>
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<h2 style="-webkit-margin-after: 0.5em; -webkit-margin-before: 0px; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: 1px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px;">
<span style="color: blue; font-family: inherit; font-size: small;">18. Hamper</span></h2>
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<span style="color: blue; font-family: inherit; font-size: small;">19. Vest</span></h2>
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<span style="color: blue; font-family: inherit; font-size: small;">20. God Save the Queen! </span></h2>
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<span style="color: blue; font-family: inherit;">Ryan would like to thank his office minions in helping him with this in-depth report.</span></div>
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Vu Thi Phuong Anhhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11263378523301439180noreply@blogger.com0